Glaciated Landscapes🌁🗻🏔 Flashcards
1
Q
Glaciated Landscape
A
- those parts of the earth’s surface that have been shaped by the action of glaciers🏞
- eg Antarctica🇦🇶, Greenland🇬🇱 - high latitude
- eg Rocky Mountains⛰, Himalayas 🏔🗻 - high altitude
- eg places glaciated in the past - Northern Britain🇬🇧
2
Q
System
A
- a group of objects and the relationships between them
- set of interrelated objects comprising of components(stores) & processes(links) that are connected together to form a working unit
3
Q
Kinetic Energy
A
- capacity to do work as a result of motion🎢
4
Q
Potential Energy🏗
A
- capacity to do work that a body possesses by virtue of its position and that is potentially transformable into another energy form
5
Q
Thermal Energy
A
- capacity to do work as a result of heat🔥
6
Q
Open Systems
A
- type of system whose boundaries are open to both inputs & outputs or energy & matter
7
Q
Input⬅️
A
- an addition of energy and/or materials to a system
8
Q
Output➡️
A
- transfer of energy and/or materials out of a system
9
Q
Deposition
A
- layering down of sediment transported by rivers🏞, waves🌊, glaciers🗻 & wind💨, as energy levels decline
10
Q
Weathering🌧🌨⛈❄️💨
A
- in situ breakdown of rocks exposed at or near the land surface by physical, chemical & biological processes
11
Q
Mass Movement
A
- downslope🎢 transportation of material under gravity
12
Q
Erosion
A
- the wearing away and/or removal or rock & other material by a moving force
13
Q
Evaporation💧➡️🌫
A
- process by which liquid water is converted into a gaseous state
14
Q
Sublimation❄️➡️💧
A
- phase changes of water from ice to vapour
15
Q
Equilibrium
A
- long-term balance between inputs & outputs in a system
16
Q
Dynamic Equilibrium
A
- system displaying unrepeated average states through time
17
Q
Negative Feedback
A
- automatic response to change in a system that restores equilibrium
18
Q
Glacier Mass Balance
A
- the difference between the amount of snow🌨 & ice❄️ accumulation & the amount of ablation occurring in a glacier over 1 year
19
Q
Accumulation
A
- addition/gain of snow🌨☃️ & ice❄️ to a glacier over time
20
Q
Ablation
A
- loss of ice❄️ & snow🌨☃️, especially from a glacier, through melting, evaporation & sublimation
21
Q
Transportation
A
- movement of material by kinetic energy of a medium eg water💦, wind💨 or ice❄️
22
Q
Aeolian
A
- erosional, transportational & depositional processes by the wind
23
Q
Lithology
A
- chemical & physical characteristics of rock types
24
Q
Structure
A
- physical characteristics of rocks, including their jointing🛠, bedding🛌, faulting, angle of dip🎢 etc
25
Q
Aspect⛰
A
- direction the slope faces⛰☀️
26
Q
Microclimate
A
- local climates whose main characteristics are determined by topography & land use
27
Q
Diagenesis🌨➡️❄️
A
- process by which snow become ice due to compression
- fresh snow, open feathery structure - density - 0.05g/cm3
- snow which survives 1 summer, firn - density - 0.4g/cm3
- glacial ice - density - 0.83-0.91g/cm3
- takes between 30-40 & 1000 years
- true glacial ice isn’t encountered until depth of 100m - bluish colour - lack of presence of air
28
Q
Corrie
A
- armchair-shaped Holmes found on upland hills
- steep back wall, over-deepened basin & often a lip at the front
29
Q
Pressure Melting Point
A
- temperature at which ice melts when under pressure
30
Q
Extending Flow
A
- movement of glacial ice down a steep gradient🎢🏔, during which it thins
31
Q
Compressing Flow
A
- movement of glacial ice down a gentle gradient🌁, during which it thickens
32
Q
Chelation
A
- type of chemical weathering caused by acid⚗️ derived from rainwater🌧 & dead💀 orgainic material
33
Q
Rock Flour
A
- fine material derived from from abrasion by a glacier
34
Q
Nivation
A
- glacial process which includes a combination of freeze-thaw action, solifluction, transport by running water💦 & chemical weathering⚗️🌧
- responsible for initial enlargement of hillside hollows & development of corries
35
Q
Drift
A
- collective terms for glacial deposits including till & outwash
36
Q
Till
A
- unsorted material deposited directly by glacial ice
37
Q
Outwash
A
- material deposited by glacial meltwater💧
38
Q
Glacial-Fluvial
A
- relating to meltwater from a glacier
39
Q
Drumlins
A
- streamlined mounds of glacial drift
40
Q
Arête
A
- narrow, ‘knife-edged🔪’ ridge between 2 corries
41
Q
Pyramidal Peak
A
- angular, sharply pointed mountain peak🏔 which results from corrie erosion
42
Q
Striations
A
- scratches/grooves on rock surfaces formed by glacial abrasion
43
Q
Roche Moutonnées
A
- a rock hill shaped by passing of ice
- has a smooth stoss (upstream) side
- has a rough, plucked surface on the lee (downstream) side
44
Q
Isostatic
A
Relating to vertical movements of the Earth’s crust
45
Q
Terminal Moraine
A
- ridge of till extending across a glacial trough
46
Q
Lateral Moraine
A
- ridge of till running along the edge of a glacial valley
47
Q
Recessional Moraine
A
- series of ridges running transversely across a glacial trough
48
Q
Proglacial Lakes
A
- body of water💦 impounded in front of a glacier
49
Q
Jökulhaulps
A
- extreme glacial meltwater outbursts caused by geothermal or volcanic activity beneath glaciers
50
Q
Kame
A
- hill composed of stratified sand🏝 & gravel laid down by glacial meltwater
- 2 types:
- delta kame
- terrace kame
51
Q
Esker
A
- long, sinuous ridge composed of stratified sand & gravel laid down by glacial meltwater
52
Q
Hydrostatic Pressure
A
- pressure exerted by a confined fluid eg water💦 under or in a glacier
53
Q
Outwash Plain/Sandur
A
- flat expanse of glacial-fluvial sediment located beyond an existing or former glacier or ice sheet front
54
Q
Active Layer
A
- near surface layer in a periglacial environment which seasonally freezes & thaws
55
Q
Frost Heave
A
- downslope displacement of soil particles that results from cycles of freeze-thaw
56
Q
Stone Garlands
A
- elongated accumulations of stones on a slope
57
Q
Artesian Pressure
A
- hydrostatic pressure exerted on groundwater in a confined aquifer occupying a synclinal structure
58
Q
Talik
A
- unfrozen ground⛰🏞
59
Q
Ognip
A
- remains of a collapsed pingo🐧, forming a depression surrounded by circular earth ramparts
60
Q
Energy Security
A
- uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price💰✅
61
Q
Urban Heat Island
A
- town/city🏙 that is significantly warmer than its surroundings rural areas due to human activities🔥🚶🏽🏃🏽♀️
62
Q
Solifluction
A
- slow flow of fine, water-saturated regolith from higher to lower ground🎢
63
Q
Alases
A
- flat-floored, steep-side depressions in periglacial environments
64
Q
Turbidity🌫💦
A
- cloudiness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles in suspension🌫💧
