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A Level - Physical Geography > Glaciated Landscapes🌁🗻🏔 > Flashcards

Glaciated Landscapes🌁🗻🏔 Flashcards

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1
Q

Glaciated Landscape

A
  • those parts of the earth’s surface that have been shaped by the action of glaciers🏞
  • eg Antarctica🇦🇶, Greenland🇬🇱 - high latitude
  • eg Rocky Mountains⛰, Himalayas 🏔🗻 - high altitude
  • eg places glaciated in the past - Northern Britain🇬🇧
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2
Q

System

A
  • a group of objects and the relationships between them
  • set of interrelated objects comprising of components(stores) & processes(links) that are connected together to form a working unit
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3
Q

Kinetic Energy

A
  • capacity to do work as a result of motion🎢
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4
Q

Potential Energy🏗

A
  • capacity to do work that a body possesses by virtue of its position and that is potentially transformable into another energy form
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5
Q

Thermal Energy

A
  • capacity to do work as a result of heat🔥
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6
Q

Open Systems

A
  • type of system whose boundaries are open to both inputs & outputs or energy & matter
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7
Q

Input⬅️

A
  • an addition of energy and/or materials to a system
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8
Q

Output➡️

A
  • transfer of energy and/or materials out of a system
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9
Q

Deposition

A
  • layering down of sediment transported by rivers🏞, waves🌊, glaciers🗻 & wind💨, as energy levels decline
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10
Q

Weathering🌧🌨⛈❄️💨

A
  • in situ breakdown of rocks exposed at or near the land surface by physical, chemical & biological processes
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11
Q

Mass Movement

A
  • downslope🎢 transportation of material under gravity
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12
Q

Erosion

A
  • the wearing away and/or removal or rock & other material by a moving force
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13
Q

Evaporation💧➡️🌫

A
  • process by which liquid water is converted into a gaseous state
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14
Q

Sublimation❄️➡️💧

A
  • phase changes of water from ice to vapour
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15
Q

Equilibrium

A
  • long-term balance between inputs & outputs in a system
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16
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A
  • system displaying unrepeated average states through time
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17
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • automatic response to change in a system that restores equilibrium
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18
Q

Glacier Mass Balance

A
  • the difference between the amount of snow🌨 & ice❄️ accumulation & the amount of ablation occurring in a glacier over 1 year
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19
Q

Accumulation

A
  • addition/gain of snow🌨☃️ & ice❄️ to a glacier over time
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20
Q

Ablation

A
  • loss of ice❄️ & snow🌨☃️, especially from a glacier, through melting, evaporation & sublimation
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21
Q

Transportation

A
  • movement of material by kinetic energy of a medium eg water💦, wind💨 or ice❄️
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22
Q

Aeolian

A
  • erosional, transportational & depositional processes by the wind
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23
Q

Lithology

A
  • chemical & physical characteristics of rock types
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24
Q

Structure

A
  • physical characteristics of rocks, including their jointing🛠, bedding🛌, faulting, angle of dip🎢 etc
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25
Q

Aspect⛰

A
  • direction the slope faces⛰☀️
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26
Q

Microclimate

A
  • local climates whose main characteristics are determined by topography & land use
27
Q

Diagenesis🌨➡️❄️

A
  • process by which snow become ice due to compression
  • fresh snow, open feathery structure - density - 0.05g/cm3
  • snow which survives 1 summer, firn - density - 0.4g/cm3
  • glacial ice - density - 0.83-0.91g/cm3
  • takes between 30-40 & 1000 years
  • true glacial ice isn’t encountered until depth of 100m - bluish colour - lack of presence of air
28
Q

Corrie

A
  • armchair-shaped Holmes found on upland hills

- steep back wall, over-deepened basin & often a lip at the front

29
Q

Pressure Melting Point

A
  • temperature at which ice melts when under pressure
30
Q

Extending Flow

A
  • movement of glacial ice down a steep gradient🎢🏔, during which it thins
31
Q

Compressing Flow

A
  • movement of glacial ice down a gentle gradient🌁, during which it thickens
32
Q

Chelation

A
  • type of chemical weathering caused by acid⚗️ derived from rainwater🌧 & dead💀 orgainic material
33
Q

Rock Flour

A
  • fine material derived from from abrasion by a glacier
34
Q

Nivation

A
  • glacial process which includes a combination of freeze-thaw action, solifluction, transport by running water💦 & chemical weathering⚗️🌧
  • responsible for initial enlargement of hillside hollows & development of corries
35
Q

Drift

A
  • collective terms for glacial deposits including till & outwash
36
Q

Till

A
  • unsorted material deposited directly by glacial ice
37
Q

Outwash

A
  • material deposited by glacial meltwater💧
38
Q

Glacial-Fluvial

A
  • relating to meltwater from a glacier
39
Q

Drumlins

A
  • streamlined mounds of glacial drift
40
Q

Arête

A
  • narrow, ‘knife-edged🔪’ ridge between 2 corries
41
Q

Pyramidal Peak

A
  • angular, sharply pointed mountain peak🏔 which results from corrie erosion
42
Q

Striations

A
  • scratches/grooves on rock surfaces formed by glacial abrasion
43
Q

Roche Moutonnées

A
  • a rock hill shaped by passing of ice
  • has a smooth stoss (upstream) side
  • has a rough, plucked surface on the lee (downstream) side
44
Q

Isostatic

A

Relating to vertical movements of the Earth’s crust

45
Q

Terminal Moraine

A
  • ridge of till extending across a glacial trough
46
Q

Lateral Moraine

A
  • ridge of till running along the edge of a glacial valley
47
Q

Recessional Moraine

A
  • series of ridges running transversely across a glacial trough
48
Q

Proglacial Lakes

A
  • body of water💦 impounded in front of a glacier
49
Q

Jökulhaulps

A
  • extreme glacial meltwater outbursts caused by geothermal or volcanic activity beneath glaciers
50
Q

Kame

A
  • hill composed of stratified sand🏝 & gravel laid down by glacial meltwater
  • 2 types:
  • delta kame
  • terrace kame
51
Q

Esker

A
  • long, sinuous ridge composed of stratified sand & gravel laid down by glacial meltwater
52
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A
  • pressure exerted by a confined fluid eg water💦 under or in a glacier
53
Q

Outwash Plain/Sandur

A
  • flat expanse of glacial-fluvial sediment located beyond an existing or former glacier or ice sheet front
54
Q

Active Layer

A
  • near surface layer in a periglacial environment which seasonally freezes & thaws
55
Q

Frost Heave

A
  • downslope displacement of soil particles that results from cycles of freeze-thaw
56
Q

Stone Garlands

A
  • elongated accumulations of stones on a slope
57
Q

Artesian Pressure

A
  • hydrostatic pressure exerted on groundwater in a confined aquifer occupying a synclinal structure
58
Q

Talik

A
  • unfrozen ground⛰🏞
59
Q

Ognip

A
  • remains of a collapsed pingo🐧, forming a depression surrounded by circular earth ramparts
60
Q

Energy Security

A
  • uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price💰✅
61
Q

Urban Heat Island

A
  • town/city🏙 that is significantly warmer than its surroundings rural areas due to human activities🔥🚶🏽🏃🏽‍♀️
62
Q

Solifluction

A
  • slow flow of fine, water-saturated regolith from higher to lower ground🎢
63
Q

Alases

A
  • flat-floored, steep-side depressions in periglacial environments
64
Q

Turbidity🌫💦

A
  • cloudiness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles in suspension🌫💧

A Level - Physical Geography (2 decks)

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