Glaciated Landscapes 1

Question 1

System

Answer 1

Set of interrelated objects comprising of components (stores) and processes (links) that are connected together to form a working unit/united whole

Question 2

Open system

Answer 2

Energy and matter can be transferred from neighbouring systems as an input and transferred to as an output

Question 3

Inputs in glaciated landscape system

Answer 3

Kinetic from wind and moving glaciers. Thermal from heat of sun. Potential from position of material on slopes, material from deposition, weathering and mass movement from slopes and ice from accumulated snow fall

Question 4

Outputs

Answer 4

Glacial and wind erosion from rock surfaces. Evaporation, sublimation and meltwater

Question 5

Throughputs

Answer 5

Stores: ice, water, debris accumulation. Flows: movement of ice ,water and debris downslope under gravity

Question 6

Warm based glacier characteristics

Answer 6

High altitude locations, steep relief, basal temp at/above PMP, rapid rates of movement (20-200m per yr)

Question 7

Cold based glaciers characteristics

Answer 7

Hugh latitude locations, low relief, basal temp below PMP so frozen to bedrock, very slow rates of movement (few m per yr)

Question 8

Pressure melting point

Answer 8

The point at which ice is on the verge of melting

Question 9

Slippage

Answer 9

Ice slides over valley floor as meltwater reduces friction

Question 10

Creep/regulation

Answer 10

Ice deforms under pressure due to obstructions on the floor. Enables it to spread over/around obstruction before re freezing when pressure reduces

Question 11

Bed deformation

Answer 11

Ice carried by saturated bed sediments moving beneath it on gentle gradients

Question 12

Intergranular flow

Answer 12

Individual ice crystals reorintate and move in relation to each other

Question 13

Laminar flow

Answer 13

Movement of individual layers within the glacier - often layers of annual accumulation

Question 14

Extending flow

Answer 14

When ice moves over a steep slope, its unable to deform quickly so it fractures forming crevasses. The leading ice pulls away from the ice behind it which has yet to reach the steep slope

Question 15

Compressing flow

Answer 15

When gradient reduces, the ice thickens and the following ice pushes over the leading slow moving ice. Slip planes are at different angles in each course

Question 16

Factors influencing the movement of ice

Answer 16

Gravity, gradient, thickness of ice, internal temp of ice, the glacier budget

Question 17

Glacier masss balance/ budget

Answer 17

Difference between amount of snow and ice accumulation and amount of ablation occurring in a glacier over 1 year

Question 18

Formation of glacier ice

Answer 18

Glaciers form when temps are low enough for snow that falls in 1 year to remain frozen throughout the year

Question 19

Glaciers

Answer 19

Large, slow moving masses of ice

Question 20

Ice sheets

Answer 20

Largest accumulations of ice. E.g. Antarctica and Greenland - 96% of worlds ice

Question 21

Self regulation in a system

Answer 21

When equilibrium is disturbed, the system changes its from until equilibrium is restored

Question 22

Dynamic equilibrium in a system

Answer 22

System produces its own response - example of negative feedback

Question 23

Lithology

Answer 23

Describes physical and chemical composition of rocks

Question 24

Weak lithology

Answer 24

Little resistance to erosion, weathering and mass movements. Weak bonds. E.g clay

Question 25

Strong lithology

Answer 25

Dense interlocking crystals, highly resistant, form landforms. E.g. basalt

Question 26

Structure

Answer 26

Concerns properties of rock types - jointing, faulting and permeability

Question 27

Primary permeability

Answer 27

Air spaces (pores) separate mineral particles, can absorb and store water

Question 28

Secondary permeability

Answer 28

Water seeps into rock due to many joints. Joints largened by solution