Glacial Processes

Question 1

Glaciers

Answer 1

Masses of ice that fill valleys and hollows
As they make there way downhill, they shape their surroundings through erosion and through transportation and deposition

Question 2

How do glaciers move downhill

Answer 2

Weight of the ice in glaciers makes them move down hill
Some glaciers have thin layer of meltwater that acts as lubricant, helping glacier move by a process called basal sliding

Question 3

Glaciers erode the landscape in which 2 ways

Answer 3

Abrasion- bits of rock stuck in the ice grind against the rock below the glacier, wearing it away

Plucking- meltwater at the base, back or sides of a glacier freezes onto rock. As the glacier moves forward it pulls out pieces of rock

Question 4

What is rotational slip

Answer 4

At the top of the glacier, the ice doesn’t move in a straight line- it moves in a circular motion ( rotational slip)

Question 5

What is freeze thaw weathering

Answer 5

The rock above glaciers is broken down by water gets into cracks in rock?
The water freezes and expands, putting pressure on the rock. This ice thaws and releases pressure. If this process is repeated and it can weaken rock

Question 6

How does glaciers transport material

Answer 6

Transportation- Glaciers move material (sand clay and rocks) over large distances.

Question 7

What is bulldozing

Answer 7

Transported material is frozen in the glacier, carried on its surface or pushed in front of it. When glaciers push loose material ahead of them this is bulldozing

Question 8

Deposition

Answer 8

Glacier is overloaded with material Or when ice melts. This material is deposited, forming moraines and drumlins

Question 9

Meltwater streams

Answer 9

Find materials such as sand and gravel can get washed away from the front of the glacier by small melt water streams.

These sort the material by size and deposit it in layers (outwash)

Question 10

Where are most glaciers located in the uk

Answer 10

No glaciers in the uk
Most of the uks upland areas have been affected by ice at some points in the past.

Question 11

When was most of the uk covered in ice

Answer 11

Over 2.6 million years

Question 12

What is an arête

Answer 12

Narrow steep sided ridge formed when two glaciers flow in parallel valleys

Glaciers erode this sides and sharpen the ridge between them and giving a jagged profile

Question 13

Pyramidal peak

Answer 13

Pointed mountain peak with at least three sides its formed when three or more back to back glaciers erode a mountain

Question 14

Example of an arête

Answer 14

Striding edge, Lake District

Question 15

Example of a pyramidal peak

Answer 15

Mount snowdon

Question 16

What are corries

Answer 16

Hollows containing a small glacier
As rotational slip takes place, the hollow is eroded into a steep sided shape
When ice melts, it can leave a small circular lake called a yarn

Question 17

What are corries

Answer 17

Hollows containing a small glacier
As rotational slip takes place, the hollow is eroded into a steep sided shape
When ice melts, it can leave a small circular lake called a yarn

Question 18

Example of a tarn and corrie

Answer 18

Red tarn, Lake District

Question 19

Ribbon lakes

Answer 19

Long thin lakes that form after a glacier retreats
Form in hollows where the softer rock was eroded more than the harder rock

Question 20

Example of a ribbon lake

Answer 20

Lake Windermere

Question 21

What are truncated spurs

Answer 21

Cliff like edges on the valley side formed when spurs are cut off as glacier moves past

Question 22

Hanging valleys

Answer 22

Valleys formed by small tributary glaciers that flow into a main glacier
The glacial trough of the larger glacier is eroded more deeply, so when all of the glaciers melt- the tributary glaciers valleys are left at a higher level

Question 23

Lateral moraine

Answer 23

Long amount of material deposited where the side of a glacier was.
It’s formed of lateral material eroded from the valley walls and carried along the surface ice at the sides of a glacier

Question 24

Medial moraine

Answer 24

Long ridge of material deposited along the centre of a valley floor
When two glaciers meet, the lateral moraines collide and form a line of material running along the centre of the new glacier

Question 25

Terminal moraine

Answer 25

Builds up at the snout of a new glacier- it marks the furthest point by the ice

Material that’s abraded and plucked from the valley floor and transported at the front of the glaciers

Question 26

Ground moraines

Answer 26

Eroded material that was dragged along the base of a glacier

It is deposited over a wide area on the valley floor when the ice melts

Question 27

Drumlins

Answer 27

Elongated hills thought to be formed when melting glaciers deposit material.
This material builds up over time,forming hills beneath the glaciers

Round and steep at the uphill end. Tapered pointed and gently sloping at the downstream end.

Question 28

Erratics

Answer 28

Rocks that have been picked up by a glacier, carried along and dropped in an area with a different type of rock

Erratics look out of place

Question 29

Economic uses of glacieted areas - farming

Answer 29

Sheep farming is common in upland general areas, because steep sloping and poor fertile soils make it unsuitable for other farming

Crops can grow at lower altitudes e.g grass grown on valley floo used for cattle farming

Question 30

Quarrying

Answer 30

Glacial erosion has left lots of rock exposed, making it easier to access
Glacial landscapes are quarried for slate and limestone ( construction)

Question 31

Tourism

Answer 31

Glaciated areas have dramatic landscape, making them attractive tourists hotspots
Many activities to do- hiking, climbing, boating cycling and skiing

Question 32

Foresty

Answer 32

Coniferous forests can cope with the cold weather and high rainfall, so are often planted in upland glacial areas

These trees can easily be used for building materials paper and furniture

Question 33

Conflict of glaciated landscapes- tourism

Answer 33

Tourists can distrust farming by damaging property - by leaving gates open and tramplijg crops

Question 34

Conflicts in glacial landscapes

Answer 34

Local residents may object to the noise of a quarry and the frequent passing of large trucks
Quarries can create eyesores for tourists, so fewer tourists come and spend money

Question 35

Development conflict with conservation in glacial areas

Answer 35

Conservationists want to preserve the environment but development is needed to provide employment l, roads and facilities.
F

Question 36

Lake District as a glaciated area

Answer 36

Cumbria
Attracts 19.2 million visitors per year

Question 37

Reason for tourism’s in the Lake District

Answer 37

Scenery- large lakes and mountains Windermere, scaffel pike

Cultural attractions- the Wordsworth museum and Beatrix potters house

Activities-
Water sports, bird watching, hiking, fishing, mountain biking.

Question 38

Environment impacts on tourism

Answer 38

Large number of hikers using main footpath on cat bells mountain, causing erosion

Tourists park on grass verges in langdale valley- damaging vegetation
Noise and water pollution caused by boats and water sports on Windermere lake

Question 39

Economic impacts of tourism

Answer 39

Tourism employed over 18000 per year and made 1.5 billion pounds that goes to support local business and economy
However this is only seasonal especially during the summer

Average house price is 350 thousand but the local residents average income is 20000 so they cannot afford to live here

Question 40

Social impacts

Answer 40

83% if visitors travel by car. Traffic is heavy on the roads linking national with the motorway.

Businesses in villages cater for tourists so prices are higher and less shops
Almost 25% of properties in Lake District are second homed or holiday homes. Fewer people live in the national park all year so many business have close like schools and buses,

Question 41

Management strategies

Answer 41

Strategies are being put in place to tackle problems caused by tourism