GIT & Renal

Question 1

Where does the lesser omentum attach

Answer 1

Attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach, helping to hold the liver in place.

Question 2

Where is dietary fibre digested and absorbed

Answer 2

Dietary fiber passes through the small intestine largely intact and reaches the large intestine (colon), where it can be partially fermented by gut bacteria.
It contributes to fecal bulk and has various health benefits, including promoting regular bowel movements and supporting a healthy gut microbiome. Dietary fiber does not provide calories because it is not absorbed as nutrients in the small intestine.

Question 3

Where is uterus located, and in relation to kidneys

Answer 3

It is situated between the bladder and the rectum and is typically tilted forward in the pelvic cavity.

In relation to the kidneys, the uterus is located inferiorly, which means it is situated below the level of the kidneys.

Question 4

Is Glomerular filtration passive?

Answer 4

Glomerular filtration is indeed a passive process that occurs in the glomerulus of the nephron. It involves the filtration of blood plasma through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s space, and it is primarily driven by the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

Question 5

What is the role of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the regulation of water reabsorption in the kidneys, and how does it affect the insertion of aquaporin water channels in the collecting duct during states of dehydration?

Answer 5

In states of dehydration, when the body needs to conserve water, ADH is released, which leads to the insertion of aquaporin water channels into the apical membrane of the collecting duct cells. These channels allow for increased water reabsorption, concentrating the urine and conserving water.

Question 6

Name the four major divisions of the large intestine and state which of these are intraperitoneal

Answer 6

the ascending colon (traveling up) - intraperitoneal

the transverse colon (traveling across to the left)

the descending colon (traveling down) - intraperitoneal

The sigmoid colon (headed back across to the right)

Question 7

Which feature prevents the backflow of contents from the large intestine to the small intestine?

Answer 7

The feature that prevents the backflow of contents from the large intestine to the small intestine is the ileocecal valve. The ileocecal valve is a one-way valve located between the ileum (the last part of the small intestine) and the cecum (the first part of the large intestine).

Question 8

The long bands of smooth muscle that are responsible for propelling contents through the colon are known as what?

Answer 8

The long bands of smooth muscle responsible for propelling contents through the colon are known as “teniae coli.” These bands are composed of three separate strips of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon.

Question 9

Where is esophagus located

Answer 9

The esophagus is located posterior to the trachea within the mediastinum.

Question 10

How must Triglycerides be digested before being absorbed

Answer 10

Triglycerides must be digested into monoglycerides and free fatty acids before being absorbed.

Triglycerides, which are dietary fats, are indeed digested into monoglycerides and free fatty acids in the small intestine before they can be absorbed. This is a crucial step in the digestion and absorption of dietary fats.

Question 11

Outer layer of the kidney is called

Answer 11

the cortex

Question 12

Which renal vein is longer in the kidney

Answer 12

The left vein is longer than the right vein because the inferior vena cava lies closer to the right kidney

Question 13

Tubular reabsorption is ______

Answer 13

is the selective movement of substances from the filtrate into peritubular capillaries.

Tubular reabsorption is the process by which substances, including water and essential solutes, are reabsorbed from the renal tubules (filtrate) into the peritubular capillaries, returning them to the bloodstream. It is an important step in the formation of urine and the regulation of body fluids.

Question 14

The action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys is to

Answer 14

increase water permeability of the distal and collecting tubules.

Question 15

Describe the passage of bile from the liver, noting ducts that it travels through and organs it is distributed to.

Answer 15

Liver produces bile

Bile travels down left and right hepatic duct

These two ducts come together to form the common hepatic duct

The gallbladder stores bile and also releases bile down cystic duct

Cystic and common hepatic duct come together to form bile duct

Common bile duct passes through pancreas and then to duodenum to release bile

Question 16

Which hormone triggers the release of bile

Answer 16

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 17

What is the pulp of the tooth

Answer 17

The pulp is the innermost part of the tooth, housing nerves and blood vessels

Question 18

Which digestive processes would be affected in a person who cannot make bile salts

Answer 18

The digestion and absorption of fats

Question 19

Which kidney is retroperitoneal

Answer 19

Both kidneys are retroperitoneal, meaning they are located behind the peritoneum, a membrane lining the abdominal cavity.

Question 20

Name the THREE (3) major divisions of the small intestine and state at which specific structure it begins (transitions from the stomach) and ends (transitions into the large intestine).

Answer 20

Duodenum:
Begins at the pyloric sphincter, transitioning from the stomach.
Ends at the junction with the jejunum.
Jejunum:
Begins at the junction with the duodenum.
Ends at the junction with the ileum.
Ileum:
Begins at the junction with the jejunum.
Ends at the ileocecal valve, transitioning into the large intestine.

Question 21

Which of the divisions of the small intestine are the plicae circularis least abundant?

Answer 21

Plicae circularis, also known as circular folds, are least abundant in the ileum, which is the last division of the small intestine. While the duodenum and jejunum exhibit prominent plicae circularis, the density of these folds gradually decreases in the ileum.

Question 22

Explain the role of plicae circularis (circular folds) in absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

Answer 22

The function of the plicae circulares, the villi, and the microvilli is to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients. Each villus transports nutrients to a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface.