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GIT disorders > GIT microbes > Flashcards

GIT microbes Flashcards

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1
Q

What disease is caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii?

A

‘Wooden tongue’

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of wooden tongue in cattle?

A
  • Multiple granulomatous lesions around head and neck, commonly have draining tracts with pale discharge containing small, hard, grey-white granules
  • Tongue is painful and firm with a wood-like feel to it
  • Dysphagia–> weight loss and loss of production
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3
Q

How would you diagnose A. lignieresii in cattle?

A

-Clinical signs: drooling, firm tongue, weight loss, swelling of soft tissue
-FNA of lesion–> cytology, gram stain
DO NOT SWAB DRAINING SINUS

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4
Q

How does A. lignieresii cause disease?

A

Endogenous, opportunistic
Invades deeper tissues as a result of trauma to oral mucosa e.g. penetration of oral mucosa by rough food.
Abcesses begin as a firm nodule that may ulcerate
May disseminate via regional lymphatics to internal organs such as lungs

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5
Q

What are the features of A. lignieresii?

A
  • Gram negative coccobacilli
  • Facultatively anaerobic
  • Oxidase positive
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6
Q

What disease is caused by Actinomyces bovis?

A

Lumpy jaw

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of Lumpy jaw in cattle?

A
  • Pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis in mandible (bone is replaced with porous bone laid down in irregular fashion and honeycombed with sinus tracts containing pus)
  • Initially painless swelling
  • Dislodgement of teeth
  • Inability to chew
  • Number of fistulas draining to the surface
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8
Q

How would you diagnose A bovis infection in cows?

A

-FNA of lesion–> cytology, gram stain, culture

DO NOT SWAB DRAINING TRACTS

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9
Q

How does A bovis cause disease?

A
  • Opportunistic pathogens, requires some host compromise to cause disease
  • Gains entrance to tissues via dental alveoli or through damaged mucosa
  • Bacterial colonies form and trigger suppurative inflammation
  • May spread haematogenously –> abcesses, empyema or suppurative serositis
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10
Q

What are the features of A bovis

A

Gram positive, filamentous branching rods

Facultatively anaerobic

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11
Q

Where do infections of candida albicans typically originate

A

Candida is normal flora of the buccal mucosa, intestinal tract and vaginal mucosa

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of candida infection in the mouth?

A

Cream to grey pseudomembrane over tongue, soft palate and buccal mucosa

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13
Q

How does candida albicans cause disease?

A

Normal flora and so relies on host compromise to cause disease
- Increased numbers due to lack of establishment of normal flora, change in gut flora (e.g. from AB use), break in skin or mucosal barrier

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14
Q

How would you diagnose an infection of C albicans?

A

Scrapings and culture from cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions
Culture on KOH wet mounts or gram stain
Can be grown on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar at room temp after 24-48hrs

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15
Q

How would you treat an overgrowth of C albicans?

A
  • Correct predisposing conditions
  • May clear spontaneously
  • May require treatment with antifungals
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16
Q

What diseases are caused by feline calicivirus?

A

-Upper respiratory tract disease: lesions of oral cavity (gingivitis, ulceration of tongue and nasal planum and nasal mucosa)
Conjunctivitis
Fever and anorexia
“Limping syndrome”- fever, muscle soreness, hyperaesthesia, limb-shifting lameness

17
Q

What is the source of infection of feline calicivirus?

A

Respiratory, oral and conjunctival routes from virus particles on fomites, direct contact or aerosolised droplets
Handlers may carry virus on clothes or hands
Can survive 8-10days in the environment in humid conditions

18
Q

What are the features of feline calicivirus?

A 
Non-enveloped, single stranded RNA virus
Icosahedral symmetry
Resistant to detergent based disinfectants, heat resistant
Neutralised by pH <3
Replicates in cytoplasm of infected cell
19
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of feline calicivirus

A

Cytopathic- replicates in cell cytoplasm, ruptures cell membrane and releases large amounts of virus
Incubation period 2-6 days
Maternal antibodies last until 12 weeks

20
Q

How would you diagnose an infection with feline calicivirus?

A

Clinical signs
RT-PCR
Immunohistochemistry
Viral isolation

21
Q

How would you treat a cat infected with FCV?

A

Feline omega interferon

Supportive care- hydration and prevent secondary infection; most cases will resolve spontaneously within 7-10 days

22
Q

How has FCV been controlled in the feline population?

A

Included in F3 vaccine

23
Q

Describe the foot and mouth disease virus

A

Picornavirus
Non-enveloped RNA virus- multiple strains (7 strains)
Cytopathic

24
Q

How is FMD transmitted?

A

Exogenous infection
Spread by direct contact or by aerosolised droplets
Infected body fluids: semen, tears, nasal discharge, saliva, urine, faeces, milk, vaginal discharge, aborted foetuses

25
Q

What are the symptoms of FMD?

A

Cattle:
-fever, loss of appetite, anorexia, lower production
-Hypersalivation
-Ruptured vesicles around coronary band and interdigital skin–> ulceration and pain
-Recumbency
Swine:
-Lameness (foot lesions)
-Lesions on snout
-Ulcerated areas may be secondarily infected
Sheep and goats:
-Foot lesions and lameness (milder than cattle)

26
Q

Describe the process by which FMD causes disease

A
  • Enters via resp tract and replicates in oropharynx
  • Hijacks host protein synthesis apparatus
  • Viraemia and shedding precede clinical signs by at least 24hrs
  • Tissues and excretions contain large amounts of virus before, during and after clinical signs present
  • May persist in the pharynx of recovered cattle for up to 2 years
27
Q

How would you control an outbreak of FMD?

A

Vaccines are rarely effective as vaccination against one serotype do not confer immunity against other serotypes
Slaughter affected and exposed animals
Restrict movement of animals, vehicles and people

28
Q

Why is FMD such a successful pathogen?

A
  • Large volumes of virus produced in a superficial location, facilitating transmission
  • RNA mutates frequently
  • Many means of transmission, precedes clinical signs
  • High morbidity, low mortality
  • Very stable in the environment
  • Cytolytic
29
Q

What disease is caused by Helicobacter?

A
  • Gastritis and duodenitis
  • Peptic ulcers
  • Precursors to gastric neoplasia including lymphoma and adenocarcinoma
  • Chronic vomiting and weight loss
  • Severe emaciation
  • Diarrhoea
30
Q

Describe Helicobacter

A
  • Curved to spiral shaped gram negative rods
  • Oxidase positive
  • Darting motility due to flagella
  • Microaerophilic
  • Require enriched selective media to grow, may also require increased time
  • Gastric helicobacters: reside in gastric mucus layer
  • Intestinal helicobacter: reside in crypts of colon and caecum, bile canaliculi
31
Q

What virulence factors contribute to Helicobacter’s efficacy as a pathogen?

A
  • Flagella- movement through mucus
  • Adhesins - allow it to induce binding to target cells in GIT
  • Cell wall lipopolysaccharides- toxic and inhibits complement binding
  • Cytotoxins-may induce gastritis and peptic ulcers
  • Urease
  • Superoxide dismutase and catalase
32
Q

Describe the mechanism by which helicobacter causes disease

A

Induce gastric inflammation by either disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier or by altering gastric secretory axis
Bacteria use flagella to swim through mucus layer and bind to the epithelial wall using adhesins. Release toxins that lead to excessive production of inflammatory cytokines–> trigger local inflammatory response
High levels of cytokines and chemokines trigger extracellular killing by neutrophils- kills bacteria and mucus secreting cells, allows contact between stomach wall and gastric acid

33
Q

How would you diagnose an infection with Helicobacter?

A

Signs of GIT disease + histopathological changes and presence of bacteria (urease)
Gram stain, culture, identification from samples of mucosal scrapings

34
Q

How would you treat a confirmed Helicobacter infection?

A

Combination of antibiotics and anti-ulcer medication for 1-2 weeks
(Metronidazole with amoxicillin/tetracycline + bismuth subsalicylate, omeprazole or cimetidine)

35
Q

Is Actinobacillus equuli an endogenous or exogenous pathogen?

A

Commonly an endogenous pathogen, requires some degree of host compromise. ss equuli is normal flora of mucous membrane in horses and pigs

36
Q

What diseases are caused by A equuli ss equuli?

A

Peritonitis, septicaemia, pneumonia

37
Q

What are the features of A equuli

A

Gram negative coccobacillus
Facultatively anaerobic
Non-motile
Oxidase positive and urease positive

GIT disorders (3 decks)

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