GIT Infections Flashcards
General Background about gut infections
What Hx questions would you ask about GIT?
- Symptoms
- Travel
- Exposure
- Immune status
- Current Drugs Taken
What is Gastroenteritis?
Characterised by GIT symptoms of nausea, vomiting, Abdom discomfort & diarrhoea
What is Diarrhoea?
- Abnormal faecal discharge
- Usually disease of small intestine
What is Dystentery?
= Blood and pus in the faeces
- Inflamm. disorder of GIT
- Pain, fever, abdom. cramps
- usually disease of large intestine
Describe Typhoid and non-Typhoid Salmonella
Typhoidal Salmonella:
- causes Typhoid & Paratyphoid Salmonella -> Enteric Fever
- no animal resevoir
Non-typhoidal Salmonella:
- Majority of Salmonella
- Large animal resevoirs
What is the diagnosis of Salmonella?
- Culture on selective media
- Rapid molecular methods
- Blood cultures
What is the treatment of Salmonella?
- Diarrhoea usually resolves w/out treatment
- Fluid & electrolyte replacement
- Antibiotics is discouraged
Describe Enteric Fever
- Salmonella typhi & Salmonella paratyphi
- No animal resevoir
- Spread via contaminated water/food
What is the clinical manifestation of Enteric Fever?
- IP: 10-14 days
- Fever, malaise (general discomfort), aches
- Diarrhoea & constipation
- Rose spots on skin
What is the diagnosis of Enteric Fever?
- Stool
- Blood Culture
What is the treatment of Enteric Fever?
- Antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone)
What is the prevention of Enteric Fever?
- Public health measures
- Vaccination
What are the types of Echerichia Coli and what do they do?
What pathogens can cause Shigellosis (AKA Bacillary Dysentery)?
- Shigella sonnei (mild)
- Shigella flexnerni & Shigella boydii -> more severe
- Shigella dysenteriae -> most sever
What are symptoms of Shigellosis?
- Gastroenteritis
- Diarrhoea
- Lower abdominal cramps
Describe the pathogenesis of Shigellosis
- invasion of colonic mucosa
- cause inflam and mucosal ulceration (break on surface)
- cause dysentery
What is the diagnosis of Shigellosis?
- Culture
- Rapid molecular tests
What is the treatment of Shigellosis?
- Antibiotics for severe cases
- Rehydration
What is Campylobacter jejuni?
- Curved gram negative bacteria
- large animal resevoir
- highly infectious
Describe the pathology of Campylobacter
- ulceration and inflamed bleeding of mucosal surfaces in
jejunum and ileum - release of cytotoxins
What are clinical symptoms of Campylobacter?
- Diarrhoea
What is the treatment of Campylobacter?
- most recover w/out treatment
- antibiotics for severe cases
What are clinical features of Cholera?
- severe watery diarrhoea
What are treatments for Cholera?
- Oral or IV fluids
- Antibiotics (Tetracycline, Azithromycin)
- Vaccine
Describe Staphylococcal food poisoning
- Staph aureus produces enterotoxin
- Causes food poisoning as although food is cooked, bacteria dies but toxin still stable
Symptoms of Staphylococcal food poisoning
- vomiting
What is Bacillus cereus?
- Gram positive spore forming bacteria -> spores survive in cooking
- Spores prod 2 enterotoxins
What is Clostridium gastroenteritis?
- Caused by Clostridium perfringens
- Anaerobic spore forming bacteria -> prod enterotoxins
- Causes Abdominal pain and Diarrhoea
Table of Different Pathogens and their symptoms
What type of bacteria is Helicobacter pylori?
- Gram negative
What are clinical features of H. pylori?
- Commonly asymptomatic
- Upper abdom pain
- Nausea
- Frequent burping
- Bloating
Describe the pathophysiology of H. pylori
- uses Urease to break urea to ammonia and CO2 -> increases pH and provides protection against gastric acid
What is the diagnosis of H.pylori?
- Non-invasive urea breath test
- Faecal H.pylori antigen testing
- Invasive Methods:
- Rapid urease test of biopsy
- PCR
What is the treatment of H.pylori?
- Proton pump inhibitors
- Antibiotics
Describe Noravirus Diarrhoea
- most common cause of diarrhoea
- also causes nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting & diarrhoea
Diagnosis: - PCR
- Electron microscopy
Describe Rotavirus Dairrhoea
- Causes vomiting and Diarrhoea
- Potentially some resp symptoms
Pathophysiology:- Causes diarrhoea by damaging transport mechanisms in the gut
Diagnosis: - PCR
- Causes diarrhoea by damaging transport mechanisms in the gut