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GIT - GastroIntestinal Tract > GIT - Clinical > Flashcards

GIT - Clinical Flashcards

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1
Q

Complications of Diverticulum

A
  • diverticulitis
  • peri-colic abscess
  • fistula
  • faecal peritonitis
  • obstruction
  • scarring
  • bleeding & perforation
  • chronic inflammation
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2
Q

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A

Rule of 2’s
persistence of omphalomesenteric duct
know complications PLUS intussusception and peptic ulcer disease

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3
Q

Boerhaave syndrome

A

full thickness perforation due to vomiting. Happens at LEFT posterolateral aspect of esophageal wall.

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4
Q

Causes of obstruction at the anus

A
  • Hernia
  • Intussusception
  • Volvulus
  • Adhesions
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5
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing either with initiation or obstructive dysphagia

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6
Q

Causes of Pancreatitis

A 
GET SMASHED 
G - Gall stones 
E - Ethanol 
T - 
S - Steroids 
M - Mumps 
A - Autoimmune diseases 
S - Scorpion Venom 
H - Hyper Ca, Thyroidism, TG, Thermia 
E - ERCP 
D - Drugs
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7
Q

Complications of Coeliac disease

A
  • perforation and haemorrhage
  • bowel obstruction
  • small bowel lymphomas (small bowel because it effects mostly proximally)
  • GI malignancies
  • ulceration of small bowel
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8
Q

Causes of Arterial Thrombosis

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Systemic vasculitis
  • Dissecting aneurysm
  • Angiographic procedures
  • Aortic surgery
  • Hypercoagulable states
  • Oral contraceptives
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9
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A
  • Endothelial damage
  • Hypercoagulability
  • Abnormal blood flow
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10
Q

Causes of Non-Occlusive Ischaemia

A
  • Systemic hypotension
  • Cardiac failure
  • Shock
  • Dehydration
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Drugs causing vasoconstriction eg. Cocaine, Digitalis
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11
Q

Presentation of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A
  • severe abdominal pain
  • sepsis
  • shock
  • distension
  • diarrhoea
  • paralytic ileus
  • intramural gas bubble formation from bacterial growth
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12
Q

Causes of oesophageal perforation

A
  • iatrogenic
  • trauma
  • spontaneous (Boerhaave syndrome = full thickness tear in the most vulnerable section of esophagus Left Postero-lateral where there are not a lot of organs protecting it)
  • Barotrauma
  • Caustic injury chemical burns
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13
Q

Indications for surgery for Achalasia

A
  • less than 40yrs old
  • recurrent symptoms after BOTOX and PPI treatment
  • patient requests
  • high perforation risk
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14
Q

Signs of Oesophageal Cancer

A
  • temporal wasting **
  • weightloss
  • dysphagia
  • dehydration
  • anemia
  • cough on swallowing, aspiration
  • dyspnea
  • “apple core lesion” on Barium Swallow
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15
Q

Complications of an ulcer

A 
- Haemorrhage (ulcer reaches submucosa where blood vessels are) 
Acute : Hypovolemic shock 
Chronic : Fe deficiency anemia 
- Perforation = causes peritonitis 
- Penetration = pancreas, liver, spleen 
- Heals with scar  gastric outlet obstruction 
- Malignancy
- Healing delayed in smokers
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16
Q

Risk factors for Gastritis

A
  • NSAIDs use
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • chemo
  • chemical burns
  • incr intracranial pressure
  • shock
  • H. pylori
17
Q

Blood abnormalities for Gastric Outlet Obstruction GOO

A
  • Hyponatremic
  • Hypochloraemic
  • Hypokalaemic (fatal life threatening)
  • Metabolic Alkalosis
  • Paradoxical aciduria
18
Q

Forrest Classification of Ulcers

A
  • IA = arterial/spurting haemorrhage
  • IB = oozing haemorrhage
  • IIA = visible vessel
  • IIB = adherent clot
  • IIC = dark base/hematin covered lesion
  • III = lesion without active bleeding
19
Q

Complications of PPI therapy

A
  • acute kidney injury
  • GI malignancies
  • osteoporosis
  • Vitamin B deficiency
  • Hypomagnesaemia Hypocalcemia
  • C diff infection
  • Dementia
20
Q

Risk factors for developing gastric neoplasms

A
  • pickled, smoked preserved food
  • blood type A
  • familial inherited
  • obesity
  • smoking , alcohol
21
Q

Metastatic disease of gastric carcinoma signs

A
  • palpable abdominal mass
  • palpable subclavicular / Virchow’s nodule
  • periumbilical / sister Mary Joseph’s nodule
  • mass in pouch of Douglas / Blumer’s shelf
  • palpable ovarian mass = Kruckenberg’s tumour
  • irregular hepatomegaly
  • ascites
  • pleural effusion
22
Q

Medical therapy for IBD

A
  • Aminosalicylates
  • Corticosteroids
  • Immunosuppressants
  • Biologics
23
Q

Complications of Crohn’s disease

A
  • obstruction
  • fistulas
  • stricture
  • anal lesions
  • neoplasms
  • granuloma formation
  • microperforation
  • amyloidosis
24
Q

Risks of Immunomodulators

A
  • hepatotoxicity
  • Pancreatitis
  • Bone-marrow suppression with leukopenia
  • opportunistic infections
  • pregnancy contraindicated
  • risk of lymphoma
25
Q

Causes of villous atrophy

A
  • giardiasis
  • tropical sprue
  • HIV enteropathy
  • TB
  • Radiation enteritis
  • Whipple’s disease
  • Lymphoma
  • Crohn’s disease
26
Q

Differential Diagnosis of Appendicitis

A
  • extra abdominal childhood illnesses
  • gastroenteritis / colitis
  • Meckel’s Diverticulum
  • Intussusception
  • Crohn’s
  • Diverticulitis
  • Urological
  • Gynaecological
27
Q

Indications for Laparoscopy

A
  • preferred approach unless contraindicated
  • uncertain diagnosis
  • women of child-bearing age
  • obese patients
  • peritonitis
28
Q

Solid benign lesions of the liver

A
  • hemangioma
  • hepatic adenoma
  • focal nodular hyperplasia
29
Q

Features of liver cell failure

A
  • coma
  • scleral icterus
  • spider nevi
  • gynecomastia
  • jaundice
  • loss of sexual hair
  • bleeding tendency
  • anemia
  • testicular atrophy
  • ankle edema
30
Q

Signs of portal hypertension

A 
Esophageal varices 
Haematemesis 
Melena 
Splenomegaly 
Dilated abdominal veins (caput medusae)
Ascites
Rectal varices (haemorrhoids)
31
Q

Indications for Enteral Nutrition

A
  • Impaired nutrient ingestion
  • Inability to consume adequate nutrition
    orally
  • Impaired digestion, absorption, metabolism
  • Severe wasting or depressed growth

GIT - GastroIntestinal Tract (1 decks)

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