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GIT Anatomy > GIT-Anterior Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region > Flashcards

GIT-Anterior Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region Flashcards

1
Q

Where can the gallbladder be palpated?

A

Around the tip of the right 9th costal cartilage

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2
Q

Abdomen is bounded superiorly by ____ and inferiorly by the _____

Abdomen can be divided into 4 quadrants (Transumbilical plane and median plane)

A

Abdomen is bounded superiorly by cartilages of 7th to 10th ribs and inferiorly by the inguinal ligament and pelvis.

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3
Q

What are some organs found in the Right Upper Quadrant?

A

Liver
Diaphragm
Gallbladder

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4
Q

What are some organs found in the Left Upper Quadrant?

A

Spleen
Stomach

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5
Q

What can be found at the Right Lower Quadrant?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine
Appendix
Inguainal ligament

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6
Q

What can be found at the Left Lower Quadrant?

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

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7
Q

Abdomen has 9 regions:
Subcostal plane- Cuts through the ____ border of the ____ and body of the ____ vertebra

Intertubular plane- Lies between ____ tubercles and ____ vertebra

2 ____ plane- Pass from the ____ of the clavicles to ____ points

A

Subcostal plane- Cuts through the inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage and body of the L3 vertebra

Intertubular plane- Lies between iliac tubercles and L5 vertebra

2 midclavicular plane- Pass from the midpoint of the clavicles to mid-inguinal points

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8
Q

What plane cuts through the pylorus of the stomach, the tip of the 9th costal cartilage and the lower border of the L1 vertebra?

A

Transpyloric plane

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9
Q

There are 2 Linea Semilunaris which pass along the ____ border of the ____ and cross the costal margin at the tip of the ____ costal cartilage

A

There are 2 Linea Semilunaris which pass along the lateral border of the rectus abdominis and cross the costal margin at the tip of the 9th costal cartilage

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10
Q

The Linea Alba passes in the ____ line to the symphysis pubis. It is formed by the fusion of the ____ of both sides.

A

The Linea Alba passes in the median line to the symphysis pubis. It is formed by the fusion of the rectus sheath of both sides.

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11
Q

What makes up the abdominal wall fascia?

A

Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
- Superficial fascia
o Superficial fatty layer
o Deep Membranous layer
- Investing Deep fascia
Muscles and their aponeurosis
Deep fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

Which layer of the superficial fascia is continuous with the superficial fat of the rest of the body?

A

Superfiicial fatty layer

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13
Q

Which layer of the superficial fascia blends with the deep fascia of the upper tigh, the penis and scotum and into perineum as Colles’ fascia

A

Deep membranous layer

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14
Q

What arbitrarily seprates the abdominal from the pelvic cavity?

Note that abdominal and pelvic cavities are continuous

A

Pelvic Inlet (Pelvic Brim)

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15
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior wall?

A

Paired vertical rectus abdominis muscles within rectus sheath

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16
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral wall? (Most superficial to least)

A

External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transverses Abdominis

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17
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior wall?

A

Post vertebral muscles - erector spinae group
Psoas major
Quandratus lamborum
Iliacus muscles

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18
Q

The three flat muscle fibres (EOM, IOM and Transversus Abdominis) continus anteriorly as ____ and contributes to the ____

A

The three flat muscle fibres (EOM, IOM and Transversus Abdominis) continus anteriorly as aponeuretic sheets and contributes to the rectus sheath

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19
Q

External oblique muscle and aponeurosis forms ____ in the aponeurosis (a hole in the External Oblique Aponeurosis), immediately above and lateral to ______.

The lower aponeurotic edge is rolled ____ and forms the ____, stretches between the ASIS to pubic tubercle.

A

External oblique muscle and aponeurosis forms superficial inguinal ring in the aponeurosis (a hole in the External Oblique Aponeurosis), immediately above and lateral to
pubic tubercle
​
The lower aponeurotic edge is rolled inwards and forms the inguinal ligament, stretches between the ASIS to pubic tubercle.

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20
Q

External oblique muscle fibres are directed ____ and ____

A

Downward and Forward

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21
Q

Internal oblique muscles are directed ____ and _____

A

Downward and backward

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22
Q

Lowest fibres of internal oblique and transverse abdominis join to form the ____?

A

Conjont tendon

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23
Q

Transverse abdominis muscle fibres are directed ____

A

Horizontally

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24
Q

Where does the neurovascular plane lie between?

A

Between the Internal oblique and Transversus abdominis

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25
Does rectus abdominis recieve segmental nerve supply?
Yes, T7 to T12
26
(Part 1) What is the rectus sheath formed by?
Aponeurises of external, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
27
(Part 2) What is the midline where rectus sheaths meet called?
Linea Alba
28
(Part 3) Where does anterior wall of the sheath extend from?
It exends from xiphoid process and costal cartilages above to pubic symphysis and pubic crest below
29
Above the umbilicus: Internal oblique aponeurosis ____ and encloses the ____ The external oblique aponeurosis is in ____ The transversus abdominis behind the ____ muscle Below the umbilicus: All 3 aponeurotic layers are ____ to the rectus muscle
Above the umbilicus: Internal oblique aponeurosis **split** and encloses the **rectus abdominis** The external oblique aponeurosis is in f**ront** The transversus abdominis behind the **rectus abdominis** muscle Below the umbilicus: All 3 aponeurotic layers are **anterior** to the rectus muscle
30
What demarcates the transition between the posterior rectus sheath and the transversalis fascia? ## Footnote Posterior rectus sheath covers the superior three quaters of the rectus abdominis and the transversalis fascia covers the inferior quater
Arcuate line
31
Posterior wall of the rectus sheath is ____, stops short below the ____ at the arcuate line
Posterior wall of the rectus sheath is **incomplete**, stops short below the **umbilicus** at the arcuate line
32
Deep inguainal ring (a hole in the transversalis fascia) is located about ____ above the midpoint of the ____
1.5cm, inguinal ligament
33
What does the transversalis fascia lines?
Anterolateral abdominal wall ## Footnote Lies between the transversus abdominis nuscle and peritoneum
34
What are the 2 main arteries that supplies to the rectus muscle?
Superior epigastric artery - terminal branch of internal mammary Inferior epigastric artery - Branch of external iliac ## Footnote These 2 vessels enters the rectus sheath and anastomose forming a potential by-pass to abdominal aorta
35
List some examples of blood supply of the flank muscles
Flank muscles are segmentally supplied by: - Intercoastal arteries 7-11 - Subcostal artery - Lumbar arteries - Deep circumflex iliac arteris ## Footnote Venous drainage: Deep veins bearing the same names accompany the arteries
36
What dermatomes for epigastrium?
T7 to T9
37
The umbilicus belongs to which dermatome?
T10
38
What dermatomes for inferior to the umbilicus?
T11-T12
39
Dermatomes for inguinal and pubis?
L1
40
T7 to T11 are supplied by ____ nerves?
Thoraco-abdominal nerves
41
What is the nerve that supplies T12?
Subcostal nerve
42
Nerve supply of external oblique muscle?
Anterior rami of T7-T11 spinal nerves
43
Nerve supply of internal oblique muscle?
Anterior rami of T7-T12 and L1 spinal nerves
44
Nerve supply of the rectus abdominis?
Anterior rami of T7 to T12
45
What are some functions of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
- Compress the abdominal content and increase the intra-abdominal pressure to aid expiration, evacuation of urine, faeces, parturition, heavy lifting - Helps to maintain posture - Supports viscera "guarding mainly the intestines" - Flex and rotate the trunk
46
What is the most poerful flexor of the vertebral column (lower thoracic & lumbar)
Rectus abdominis ## Footnote External and internal obliques of both sides are important partners in this action
47
The inguinal region is located between ____ and ____
Anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle ## Footnote Weakness of this area causes hernia
48
Hernias occurs more in male or female?
Male
49
How long is the inguinal canal in adults?
4cm
50
The inguinal canal extended from ____ inguinal ring (a hole in transversalis fascia) to ____ inguinal ring (a hole in external oblique aponeurosis)
Deep inguinal ring to superficial inguinal ring
51
In males, the inguinal canal consits of __, ilioinguinal nerve, blood and lympathic vessels
Spermatic cord
52
In females, the inguinal canal consits of ____ , ilioinguinal nerve, blood and lympatic vessels.
Round ligament
53
What are the 4 walls of the inguinal canal?
Anterior: * External oblique aponeurosis * Internal oblique muscle reinforce lateral 3rd Floor: * Rolled inferior edge (gutter like) of external oblique aponeurosis (inguinal ligament) Roof: * Arching fibres of internal oblique * Medially conjont tendon (with transverse abdominis) Posterior wall: * Transvesalis fascia * Medially conjont tendon ## Footnote Think of roof and floor, anterior and posterior (4 sides)
54
What type of hernia are more common in young males?
Indirect inguinal hernia ## Footnote Occurs through the deep inguinal ring
55
What type of hernia is more common in older people?
Direct inguinal hernia ## Footnote Occurs through the posterior wall
56
What is the defination of a hernia?
A hernia is an abnormal protusion of an orfan through the structure that usually contains the organ.
57
What are the 3 things that makes up a hernia?
- Sac (e.g. Peritoneum) - Defect (the hole through which the hernia has occured) - Contents of the sac (e.g. bowel)
58
What are some clinical features of hernia?
- Lump in the groin - May come and go - There all time - Painful - Vomiting, constiptation - Associated conditions
59
What factors helps to prevent the occurance of hernia?
- Oblique passage - Posterior wall (immediately behind the superficial inguinal ring) is reinforced by the conjont tendon - When intra-abdominal pressure increase upon cough and straining, the roof compresses the contents of the canal against the floor, so that the canal is completely closed (contents cannot be herniated)
60
What are some common hernias in the inguinal region?
Inguinal hernia Femoral hernia
61
Where is the mid inguinal point located?
1/2 way between ASIS and Pubic Symphysis ## Footnote Landmark for femoral artery in groin
62
Where is the midpoint of inguinal ligament located?
halfway between ASIS and pubic tubercle ## Footnote Landmark for deep inguinal ring and indirect inguinal hernia. Medial to this for direct inguinal hernia.
63
Briefly descrbibe direct inguinal hernias ## Footnote Acquired
- Bulge through weakened fascia of abdominal wall - Directly behind the superficial inguinal ring - Medial to the inferior epigastric vessels - Rarely enter the scrotum - Common in elderly men with weak abdominal muscles ## Footnote Herniating bowel passes medial to inferior epigastric vessels, pushing through peritoneum and transversalis fascia in inguinal triangle to enter inguinal canal
64
Briefly describe indirect inguinal hernia ## Footnote Congenital
- Traverses inguinal canal - Same course as spermatic cord - Enter inguinal canal at the deep inguinal ring - Lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels - Can pass into the scrotum or labia majora - Male > Female - Congenital, injury ## Footnote Herniating bowel passes lateral to inferior epigastric vessels to enter deep inguinal ring
65
What hernia is more common in older age group?
Direct inguinal hernia
66
Direct inguinal hernia is due to ____ defect in ____ wall of inguinal canal Associated with chronic ____ and ____ musculature The hernia's path is ____ through the ____ wall of the inguinal canal but it dosent enter the _____ Defect is in ____ wall of the inguinal canal ____ to the inferior epigastric vessels
Direct inguinal hernia is due to **acquired** defect in **posterior** wall of inguinal canal Associated with chronic **straining** and **weakened** musculature The hernia's path is **straight** through the **posterior** wall of the inguinal canal but it dosent enter the **scrotum** Defect is in **posterior** wall of the inguinal canal **medial** to the inferior epigastric vessels
67
Indirect Inguinal Hernia - Most ____ type - Tend to be in ____ - The hernia takes an ____ path through the abdominal wall - The defect is a ____ ring - The hernia passes through the inguinal canal and into the ____
Indirect Inguinal Hernia - Most **common** type - Tend to be in **younger adults and children** - The hernia takes an **indirect** path through the abdominal wall - The defect is a **dilated deep** ring - The hernia passes through the inguinal canal and into the **scrotum**
68
- Superficial inguinal ring is palpable above and ____ to the pubic tubercle by invaginating the scotal skin with the finger - Follow the spermatic cord to the superficial ring - If the ring is ____, it may admit the finger without causing pain
- Superficial inguinal ring is palpable above and **lateral** to the pubic tubercle by invaginating the scotal skin with the finger - Follow the spermatic cord to the superficial ring - If the ring is **dilated**, it may admit the finger without causing pain ​ ## Footnote A hernia produces an impulse against the finger when the patient coughs

GIT Anatomy (4 decks)

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