GIT Flashcards
What part do you incise in an enterectomy?
Antimesenteric boarder
Indications for a colonopexy and what is it?
Attaching the colon to the abdominal wall to treat bouts of recurring anal prolapse following dystocia or severe D+
Possibilities for Dx of FB in oesophagus or megaoesophagus? (4 methods)
Palpation, endoscopy, X-Ray, Contrast study (barium if not perforated, iodine if perforation is suspected)
in what parts of the oesophagus are FB’s likely to become stuck? (3 potential places)
Apertura thoracis cranialis,
Base of the heart,
Hiatus oesophagii
what is a pyloromyotomy?
Surgical procedure in which an incision is made into the muscle layers of the stomach (specifically the pylorus) to allow the widening of the pylorus and outflow of gastric content into the SI
Indications for pyloromyotomy?
Pyloric stenosis (muscle hyperplasia)
3 basic steps of pyloromyotomy?
incise abdominal cavity
Take hypovascular ventral side of the pylorus and hold between two fingers of your non-dominant hand
incuse through serosa and muscularis allowing the mucosa to bulge out of the incision
Types of pyloroplasty? (3 types)
Heineke-Mikulicz
Fredet-Ramstedt
Y-U
Principle of a pyloroplasty?
Widening of the pylorus to allow for passage of gastric content into the SI
Cx of GDV?
Tachypnoea Pytalism Distended abdomen Painful abdomen V+
Can also see hypovolemic shock symptoms (tachycardia, pale MM, weak peripheral pulse, slow CRT, dyspnoea)
Which vessels are used in fluid therapy of GDV? (2 possibilities, 1 contraindicated)
Cephalic or jugular NOT saphenic (VVCau obstruction)
What type os arrthymia is common in GDV
Ventricular tachycardia
What is the therapy for acute tachycardia in GDV?
Lidocaine intracardially (2-4ml/kg)
Surgical therapy in GDV (4 steps)
Midline laparotomy
Gastric decompression (Gastrocentesis or intubation)
Gastropexy
Gastrectomy (if any necrotic tissue present)
What is gastropexy?
Attaching the stomach to the abdominal wall to prevent recurrent GDV or as prophylactic measure in predisposed breeds
4 types of gastropexy
Tube (gastrostomy)
Incisional (muscle flap)
Belt loop
Circumcostal
Which ligament can we release for better surgical access to the pylorus and duodenum?
Hepatogastric ligament
Which layer of the small intestine wall plays the most important role in healing?
Submucosa
What is an omentopexy?
Adhering the greater omentum to an organ to improve blood supply and promote healing, can also be attached to the abdominal wall to promote blood flow from portal to systemic
What parameters give an indication of intestinal vitality?
Colour
Peristaltic movement
Pulse (blood supply)
Enterectomy is?
Resection of part of the intestine that has been damaged or is necrotic (new ends are anastomosed)
When are the signs of obstruction of the oesophagus caused by presence of the 4th PAO diagnosed?
When the animal is weaned and switches from liquid milk to solid food
What is hiatal hernia?
What are the 3 types?
Protrusion of part of the stomach into the thorax via the hiatus oesopagii
Types: Sliding, rolling or combination
List 3 pyloric diseases
Muscular hyperthrophy (pyloric stenosis)
Pythiosis (fungal infection)
Neoplasia
Foreign body obstruction
Bleeding and gastric ulceration are caused by?
Stress
NSAID’s (iatrogenic) (suppression of mucous production)
Physical trauma to the mucosal layer
Mast cell tumours (over production of gastrin)
Reduction in prostaglandins
Common causes of prolonged healing of oesophagus after incision suturing:
Peristalsis (constant movement) segmental blood supply Respiration lack of serosa tension at the surgical site
Which way does the pylorus move in GDV?
Dorsally and to the right (wraps around cardia and oesophagus)
Max isotonic fluid for GDV?
other fluid values you know?
Isotonic: +/- 90ml/kg/hr
(hypertonic 7% saline (4–5 mL/kg over 5–15 minutes),
hetastarch (5–10 mL/kg over 10–15 minutes),
mixture of 7.5% saline and hetastarch (dilute 23.4% saline with 6% hetastarch for a 7.5% solution; administer at 4 mL/kg over 5 minutes))
Hypertonic solution is …%
7%
How do decompress stomach during GDV?
Intubation per os
Gastrocentesis
CARDIAC effects of GDV?
Hypovolemic shock Cx
Tachycardia, weak peripheral pulse, pale MM, prolonged CRT, dyspnoea
What drugs can’t be used during GDV therapy?
NSAID’s
Sutures used in the GIT?
2 layer suture
1 - Lambert, Halsted, Cushing
2 - Simple interrupted/continuous, Gambee
What are the most common surgeries of the stomach?
Gastrotomy gastrectomy gastrostomy gastropexy pylorotomy (pyloromyotomy)
2 Methods of apposing the stomach wall edges? how do we distinguish these methods of joining?
Sero-muscular
crushing (including the submucosa)
What 3 layers are sutured in the stomach?
Submucosa, muscularis, serosa
