Git Flashcards
P value
Type 1 error
Type 2 error
Type 1 study say difference exists but no difference
Type 2 study say no difference but difference exists
What does the P value represent in clinical research?
The P value represents the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as those observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
True or False: A P value of 0.05 means there is a 5% chance that the null hypothesis is true.
False
Fill in the blank: A P value less than ______ is often considered statistically significant.
0.05
What is the null hypothesis in the context of P values?
The null hypothesis is a statement that there is no effect or no difference, and it is what the P value tests against.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following P values indicates the strongest evidence against the null hypothesis? A) 0.01 B) 0.05 C) 0.10
A) 0.01
What is the common misconception about P values?
A common misconception is that the P value indicates the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
True or False: A smaller P value indicates a stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.
True
What does a P value of 0.1 suggest about statistical significance?
A P value of 0.1 suggests that the results are not statistically significant at the conventional 0.05 level.
Fill in the blank: Researchers often use a significance level of ______ to determine the threshold for P values.
0.05
What is the role of sample size in determining P values?
Larger sample sizes generally provide more reliable P values and can detect smaller effects.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following factors can influence P values? A) Sample size B) Effect size C) Variability in data D) All of the above
D) All of the above
What does it mean if a P value is exactly 0.05?
It means the results are on the threshold of statistical significance, but interpretation should be cautious.
True or False: A P value can tell you the size of the effect in a study.
False
What is the alternative hypothesis in relation to P values?
The alternative hypothesis is a statement that there is an effect or a difference, which the P value tests for evidence against the null hypothesis.
Fill in the blank: P values are used in ______ testing to help determine the statistical significance of results.
hypothesis
What is the implication of a P value greater than 0.05?
It suggests that there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
Multiple Choice: What does a P value of 0.001 indicate? A) Strong evidence against the null hypothesis B) Weak evidence against the null hypothesis C) No evidence against the null hypothesis
A) Strong evidence against the null hypothesis
What is the relationship between P values and confidence intervals?
P values and confidence intervals are related; a P value less than 0.05 typically corresponds to a 95% confidence interval that does not include zero.
True or False: A P value can provide information about the importance or practical significance of a result.
False
What does it mean if a study reports a P value of 0.03?
It indicates that there is a 3% probability of observing the data, or something more extreme, if the null hypothesis is true.
Fill in the blank: A P value is not a measure of the ______ of a hypothesis.
truth
What is one limitation of relying solely on P values in research?
P values do not provide information about the size or importance of an effect.
Multiple Choice: What should researchers consider alongside P values? A) Effect size B) Sample size C) Study design D) All of the above
D) All of the above
