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GISP > GISP > Flashcards

GISP Flashcards

GISP

1
Q

Spatial Data Model

A

Objects in a spatial database plus the relationships among them

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2
Q

Coordinates

A

Used to define the spatial location and extent of geographic objects

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3
Q

Thematic Layers

A

A spatial representation of analyzed data of elements of the same type

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4
Q

Cartesian Coordinate System

A

Define two or three orthogonal (right-angle) axes. Two dimensional x, y or Three dimensional x, y and z.

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5
Q

Spherical coordinate system

A

Uses angular measurements on a sphere to specify locations on a modeled Earth surface

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6
Q

Decimal Degrees Conversion

A

DD = Deg + MIN/60 + SEC/3600

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7
Q

Attribute data

A

Used to record the non-spatial characteristics of an entity. Also called items or variables.

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8
Q

Nominal Attributes

A

Variables that provide descriptive information about an object. May also be images, film clips, audio recording, or other descriptive information.

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9
Q

Ordinal attributes

A

Imply a ranking or order by their values.

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10
Q

Interval/Ratio attributes

A

Used for numeric items where both rank, order and absolute difference in magnitudes are reflected in the numbers.

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11
Q

Domain

A

Range of values an item may take

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12
Q

Conceptualization

A

A view of real world phenomena or entities as spatial objects

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13
Q

Vector Data Model

A

Use discrete elements such as points, lines, and polygons to represent the geometry of real-world entities.

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14
Q

Raster Data Model

A

Define the world as a regular set of cells in a grid pattern. Represent continuous spatial features or phenomena.

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15
Q

Arcs

A

Linear features represented as polylines

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16
Q

Node

A

Starting and endpoints for a line

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17
Q

Vertices

A

Intermediate points in a line.

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18
Q

Polygon Inclusions

A

Areas in a polygon that are different from the rest of the polygon but still part of the polygon. Everything is not always homogeneous.

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19
Q

Boundary Generalization

A

Incomplete representation of boundary locations.

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20
Q

Vector topology

A

Enforcing strict connectivity and recording adjacency and planarity.

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21
Q

Planar topology

A

Requires that all features occur on a two-dimensional surface.

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22
Q

Cadastral Data

A

Property lines/boundaries

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23
Q

Dangles

A

Lines that do not connect to other lines

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24
Q

cell dimension

A

defines the size of the cell

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25
Q

delaunay triangles

A

lines from one triangle do not cross the lines of another. Line crossings are avoided by identifying the convergent circle for a set of three points.

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26
Q

DTM

A

Digital Terrain Model

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27
Q

Object Data Model

A

relatively recent alternative for structuring spatial data. Incorporates much of the philosophy of object-oriented programming into a spatial data model. Raises the level of abstraction so that the data objects may be conceptualized and addressed in a more natural way.

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28
Q

logical model

A

a user’s view of the real objects we portray with GIS. All things of interest and the relationships between them.

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29
Q

inheritance

A

transferring properties within child classes of objects

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30
Q

bit

A

each digit or column in a binary number

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31
Q

byte

A

eight columns or bits are called a ____?

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32
Q

4-byte =’s

A

32 bits =’s

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33
Q

256 values

A

one byte

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34
Q

65,536

A

Two bytes

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35
Q

file pointers / indexes

A

Link data files

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36
Q

lossless

A

all information is maintained during compression

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37
Q

lossy

A

some information is lost in compression

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38
Q

Run-length encoding

A

compression based on recording sequential runs of raster cell values AAAA = A4

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39
Q

Quad Tree

A

Raster cells are combined and adjusted within the data layer according to groups of similar areas

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40
Q

Raster Pyramids

A

Intentionally increase the size of our raster data sets without increasing the resolution to increase display speeds.

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41
Q

.dxf

A

drawing exchange files, an ASCII or binary file for exchanging spatial data

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42
Q

.dwg

A

Native binary file used by AutoDesk to serve geographic data and drawings in AutoCAD

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43
Q

.e00

A

ASCII text file for vector and identifying attibute data (coverage)

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44
Q

tgrxxyyy, stfzz

A

set of files by U.S. census areas, xx is a state code, yyy is an area code, zz numbers for various file types

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45
Q

.mif, .mid

A

Map Interchange File, transport from MapInfo

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46
Q

.dem

A

ASCII text format used to distribute elevation

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47
Q

.cdf

A

machine-independent data formats for scientific data arrays, common for storing two- and three- dimensional rasters

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48
Q

.opt, .ddf, .dbf

A

Digital Line Graph data

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49
Q

geodesy

A

the science of measuring the shape of the earth

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50
Q

map projections

A

transformation of coordinate locations from the earths curved surface onto flat maps

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51
Q

Earatosthenes

A

Greek scholar in Egypt who performed one of the earliest well-founded measurements of the Earth’s circumference

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52
Q

Posidonius

A

Greek scholar, made estimate of the size of the Earth by measuring angles from local vertical (plumb) lines to a star near the horizon

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53
Q

Ellipsoid

A

Sphere that was slightly flattened at the poles used to modeled the earth shape and size.

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54
Q

semi-major axis

A

radius in the equatorial direction

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55
Q

semi-minor axis

A

the radius in the polar direction

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56
Q

geoid

A

a reference ellipsoid not influenced by the density of the Earth or gravitational pull.

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57
Q

Orthometric height

A

Distance above the geoid. Height above sea-level/

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58
Q

ellipsoidal/geodetic height

A

height above an ellipsoid

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59
Q

Geoidal height

A

Difference between the ellipsoidal height and the geoidal height or height of geoid above the elipsoid

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60
Q

plumb bob

A

a weight suspended by a string that indicates the direction of gravity

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61
Q

gravimeters

A

devices that measure gravitational force

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62
Q

GRACE

A

Twin satellites that measure the strength of gravity and create a reference gravitational surface

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63
Q

ESA GOCE

A

launched in 2009, uses precision accelerometers to measure gravity-induced velocity changes

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64
Q

Royal Greenwich Observatory

A

Known as the prime or Greenwich meridian, north-to-south line that is the origin or zero value for longitudes

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65
Q

Magnetic North

A

is the location towards which a compass points

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66
Q

declination

A

compass will usually point east or west of geographic north, defining an angular difference in direction to the poles

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67
Q

111.3 Km

A

degree of longitude separation at the equator

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68
Q

110.6 - 111.7 Km

A

ground difference for a degree of latitude from equator to poles.

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69
Q

reference frame

A

well-surveyed points that include an origin or starting point

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70
Q

National Geodetic Survey (NGS)

A

establishes geodetic latitudes and longitudes of known points which are monumented with a bronze disk, concrete posts or other durable markers

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71
Q

geodetic datums

A

uses reference points to establish positional measurements in the x,y,z

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72
Q

datum

A

a reference surface

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73
Q

realization of a datum

A

specified reference surface plus a physical netowrk of precisely measure points

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74
Q

Terrestrial Reference Frame

A

Network of precisely measured points.

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75
Q

benchmarks

A

Precisely surveyed points

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76
Q

triangulation survey

A

until the mid 1980s this method was commonly used to establish datum points via horizontal surface measurements using a network of interlocking triangles to determine positions at survey stations.

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77
Q

Datum adjustment

A

position of all points in a reference datum are estimated through a network-wide adjustment

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78
Q

NAD 27

A

Uses a general least-squares adjustment that included all geodetic surveys completed at that time. Used fixed lat/long of survey station in Kansas.

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79
Q

NAD 83

A

Included approximately 250,000 stations and 2,000,000 distance measurements using a earth center reference system rather than fixing a station.

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80
Q

High Accuracy Reference Networks (HARNs)

A

Used precise GPS data to improve accuracy of datums

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81
Q

High Precision Geodetic Networks (HPGN)

A

another name for HARNs

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82
Q

Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)

A

growing network of satellite observation stations used to improve datum realizations

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83
Q

World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84)

A

set of datums developed by DOD based on dopler satellite measurements, uses a geocentric coordinate system and not widely used outside of the military because they are not tied to a set of broadly accessible, documented physical points. reference coordinate system used by the Global Positioning System (GPS)

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84
Q

GRS80

A

Ellipsoid that WGS84 and NAD83 datums were based on

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85
Q

International Terrestrial Reference Frames (ITRF) / International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS)

A

It is a three-dimensional coordinate system with a well-defined origin (the centre of mass of the Earth) and three orthogonal coordinate axes (X,Y,Z). used to estimate continental drift and crustal deformation by measuring the location and velocity of points.

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86
Q

Datum Shift

A

Differences between similar datums, that does not imply that points have moved.

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87
Q

Datum Transformation

A

Estimating the shift and converting geographic coordinates from one datum to another.

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88
Q

Molodenski transformation / Helmert Transformation

A

Mathematical geocentric datum transformations that are based on a set of parameters

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89
Q

Leveling Surveys

A

among the oldest methods for establishing a vertical point by establishing height differentials

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90
Q

Spirit Leveling

A

Horizontal rods were placed between succeeding leveling posts across the landscape to physically measure height differences

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91
Q

trigonometric leveling

A

Uses optical instruments and trigonometry to measure changes in height.

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92
Q

National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD29)

A

First continental vertical datum in North America

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93
Q

North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88)

A

Fixed to only one tidal station in the town of Rimouski, Quebec and includes over 600,000 KMs of control leveling

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94
Q

Dynamic Heights

A

Measure the change in gravitational pull from a given equipotential surface.Important for water levels and flows across elevations such as a lake.

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95
Q

Equipotential surface

A

Pull of gravity is at some specified level. Water spreads out to level across this surface absent wind, waves and other factors.

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96
Q

Map Projection

A

Is a systematic rendering of locations from the curved Earth surface onto a flat map surface.

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97
Q

Great Circle Distances

A

Measured on the ellipsoid and in a plane through the Earth’s center. Splits the spheroid into two equal halves. Also used to approximate the distance distortion.

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98
Q

Developable Surface

A

Geometric shape onto which the Earth Surface locations are projected. (cones, surfaces, planes)

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99
Q

azimuthal projection

A

planar and often tangent to the ellipsoid at one point

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100
Q

conic projection

A

cone

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101
Q

cylindrical projection

A

cylinder

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102
Q

grid north

A

direction of Y axis in a projection

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103
Q

Lamber Conformal Conic

A

a cone intersecting the surface along two arcs typically parallels of latitude. Low distortion along east-west band between standard parallels

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104
Q

Standard Parallels

A

lines that intersect a given projection with no distortion along the plane

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105
Q

Transverse Mercator

A

Uses horizontal Cylinder, that commonly intersects the Earth ellipsoid along a single north-south tangent along two secant lines

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106
Q

Secant Lines

A

lines of true scale

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107
Q

central meridian

A

a line parallel to and the midway point between secants

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108
Q

State Plane Coordinate System

A

specifies positions in Cartesian coordinate systems for each state to limit distortion

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109
Q

international foot

A

.3048 meters

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110
Q

Universal Transverse Mercator

A

standard coordinate system based on the transverse Mercator Projection and divides Earth into 6 degree zoneswide in longitude and extend from 80 degrees south to 84 degrees north. 1 to 60 in an easterly direction starting at longitude 180 degrees

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111
Q

northings

A

Y values

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112
Q

eastings

A

X values that increase in an easterly direction

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113
Q

false northings

A

South UTM zones

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114
Q

Goode Homolosine

A

interrupted projection used to reduce distortion

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115
Q

Public Land Survey System

A

Standardized system for designating and describing the location of land parcels developed to remedy the shorts of metes and bounds surveying

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116
Q

metes and bounds

A

describe a parcel relative to features on the landscape sometimes supplemented with angle or distance measurements

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117
Q

digitizing

A

the process of collecting digital coordinates by converting data into a digital format

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118
Q

neatline

A

used to provide a frame around all map elements

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119
Q

graticle

A

set of coordinate lines that represent lat long

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120
Q

grid

A

set of constant x and y coordinates

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121
Q

cartometric maps

A

those that faithfully represent the relative position of objects and thus may be a suitable source for spatial data.

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122
Q

feature maps

A

among the simplest maps because they map points lines or areas and provide nominal information

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123
Q

Choropleth maps

A

depict quantitative information for areas

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124
Q

Dot-density maps

A

used to show quantitative data where dots are placed to equal a total value.

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125
Q

Isopleth maps

A

displays equal values using lines or ranges of similar values.

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126
Q

map generalization

A

the unavoidable approximation of real features when they are represented on a map

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127
Q

feature generalization

A

is a modification of features when representing them on a map

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128
Q

fused - generalization

A

multiple feature may be grouped to forma larger feature

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129
Q

simplified - generalization

A

boundary or shpae details are lost or “rounded off”

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130
Q

Displaced - generalization

A

features may be offset to prevent overlap or to provide a standard distance between mapping symbols

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131
Q

Omitted - generalization

A

small features in a group may be excluded froma map

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132
Q

Exaggerated - generalization

A

standard symbol sizes are chosen which when scaled do not represent true dimensions

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133
Q

registration

A

is the conversion of digitizer or other coordinate data to an earth-surface coordinate system.

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134
Q

Manual Digitization

A

is human-guided coordinate capture from a maps or image source

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135
Q

on-screen digitizing (heads up)

A

involved manually digitizing on a computer screen, using a digital image as a backdrop

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136
Q

hardcopy digitizing

A

human guided coordiante capture from a paper, plastic or other hardcopy map.

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137
Q

starting node

A

starting point along a line

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138
Q

ending node

A

end point along a line

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139
Q

point mode - digitizing

A

where the operator must depress a button or otherwise signal to the computer to sample each point

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140
Q

stream mode - digitizing

A

where points are automatically sampled at a fixed time or distance frequency.

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141
Q

Minimum distance - digitizing

A

Point is not recorded unless it is more than some minimum threshold distance

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142
Q

Undershoots

A

digitizing error where nodes do not quite reach the line or another node

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143
Q

Overshoots

A

digitize error where lines cross over existing nodes or lines

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144
Q

node snapping / line snapping

A

used to reduce undershoots and overshoots while digitizing

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145
Q

snap tolerance/snap distance

A

minimum distance allowed between features

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146
Q

Spline: line smoothing

A

smoothly interpolate curves between digitized points and densify the set of vertices used to represent a line

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147
Q

“weed” distance

A

point thinning method that weeds out redundant line points

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148
Q

Lang method

A

a pre-determined number of vertices is spanned and simplification occurs.

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149
Q

scan digitization / skeletonizing

A

scanned lines are converted to a vector data format

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150
Q

rubbershheting

A

involves fitting a local equation to adjust the coordinates of features

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151
Q

coordinate transformation / registration

A

brings spatial data into an Earth-based map coordinate system so that each data layer aligns with every other data layer typically employs a statistically-fit linear equation.

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152
Q

control points

A

used to transform the digitized data from the digitizer or photo coordinate system to a map-projected coordinate system.

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153
Q

Affine coordinate transformation

A

employs linear equations to calculate map coordinates usually fit using a statistical method that minimizes the root mean square error. Most commonly applied coordinate transformation.

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154
Q

RMSE

A

average error that provides an index of accuracy.

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155
Q

resampling

A

involves reassigning the cell values when changing raster coordinates or geometry

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156
Q

nearest neighbor - resampling

A

taking the output layer value from the nearest input layer

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157
Q

bilinear interpolation - resampling

A

distance based averaging of the four nearest cells

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158
Q

cubic convolution - resampling

A

a weighted average of the sixteen nearest cells

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159
Q

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

A

satellite-based technologies that give precise positional information

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160
Q

NAVSTAR

A

GPS - the first deployed and is the most widely used system.

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161
Q

GLONASS

A

Russian system user internationally

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162
Q

Galileo

A

developed by a consortium of European governments and industries

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163
Q

Chinese Satellite Navigation Ssytem

A

Compass - Chinese full constelation GNSS

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164
Q

satellite segment - GNSS

A

a constellation of satellites orbitting the earth and transmitting positioning signrals

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165
Q

control segment - GNSS

A

consists of the tracking, communications, data gathering, integration, analysis and control facilities

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166
Q

user segment - GNSS

A

the set of individuals with one or more receivers

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167
Q

carrier signals - GNSS

A

L1 and L2 - modulated to produce two coded signals.

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168
Q

pseudo-random cocde

A

(C/A, P, and M) appear quire similar to noise but provide position information.

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169
Q

almanac - GNSS

A

data used to determine the status of satellites in the GPS constellation.

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170
Q

ephemeris data

A

allow a GPS receiver to accurately calcuate the position of the broadcaseing satellite and the expected positions of other satellites.

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171
Q

ranged distances - GNSS

A

determined distance from the carrier and coded signals to determien distance between two objects.

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172
Q

Ionospheric and atmospheric delays

A

major sources of GNSS positional error.

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173
Q

dual frequency receivers - GNSS

A

collect information on multiple GNSS signals simultaneously and use sophisticated physical models to remove most of the ionospheric errors. No good ways to remove atmospheric effects.

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174
Q

Multipath signals

A

Signals that have reflected off objects prior to reaching the antenna

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175
Q

dilution of precision or DOP

A

Satellite geometry is summarized in this number

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176
Q

PDOP Positional Dilution of Precision

A

most used and is the ratio of the volume of a tetrahedron created by the four most widespread, observed satellites to the volume defined by the ideal tetrahedron. Lower PDOP creates small area of uncertainty

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177
Q

differential positioning

A

an alternative method that employs tow or more receivers to remove most of the range errors and thus greatly improving the accuracy of GNSS positional measurements

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178
Q

base station - GNSS

A

used in differential GNSS positioning to establish a true coordinate location to estimate the range of measurement error for each position fix.

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179
Q

real time differential correction

A

Requires extra equipment, but provides real-time differential corrections.

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180
Q

Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)

A

Administered by the U.S. Federal aviation administration to provide accurate, dependable aircraft navigation. provides real-time accuracy from single fixes using network of ground referenced stations spread across north america.

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181
Q

real-time kinematic (RTK)

A

Dual frequency carrier phase position correction technique.

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182
Q

remotely sensed data

A

Data recorded at a distance

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183
Q

large area coverage

A

Data that captures a large area in a uniform manner

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184
Q

extended spectral range

A

Light from wavelengths outside the range of human eyesight

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185
Q

geometric accuracy

A

Aerial images contain geometric distortion due to imperfections in the camera, lens, or film systems or due to camera tilt or terrain variation in the target area

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186
Q

permanent record

A

An image is fixed in time so the conditions at that time are locked into place.

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187
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

Full range of wavelengths

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188
Q

active radar systesm

A

Generate an energy signal and detect the energy returned

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189
Q

Radar (radio detection and ranging)

A

Most common active remote sensing system

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190
Q

photogrammetry

A

a profession concerned with producing precise measurements of objects from photographs and photoimagery

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191
Q

diaphragm

A

Mechanism to control the amount of light reaching sensing media digital sensor or file that records light

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192
Q

optical axis

A

Central direction of the incoming image and it is precisely oriented to intersect the sensor in a perpendicular direction.

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193
Q

focal plane

A

Where images are recorded on a flat state perpendicular to the optical axis

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194
Q

image scale

A

Relative distance on the image to the corresponding distance on the ground.

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195
Q

image resolution

A

Smallest object that can reliably be detected on the image

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196
Q

perspective views

A

pass through a single point at the center of the camera lens and give a geometrically distorted image of the earths surface that most aerial image provide the user

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197
Q

Web Mapping Service (WMS)

A

Standard way of serving geographic data over the internet

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198
Q

Database Management System (DBMS)

A

Specialized computer program for organizing and manipulating data

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199
Q

Data Independence

A

Allows us to make changes in the database structure in ways that are transparent to any use or program. Restructuring the database does not require a user or programmer to modify their procedures

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200
Q

Type - DBMS

A

Integer, text, double - DBMS

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201
Q

Entity - DBMS

A

Collection of related data items that are treated as a unit

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202
Q

Instance - DBMS

A

Specific entity

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203
Q

record - DBMS

A

Row or line in a table

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204
Q

tuple - DBSMS

A

Another name for a row in a relational table

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205
Q

multi-tiered architecture

A

Seperation of data and functions into multiple levels

206
Q

Transaction Manager

A

component of a database management systems that processes requestes from clients and passes them to a server

207
Q

Schema - DBMS

A

conceptual structure of a database

208
Q

Relational Algebra

A

Takes relations (tables) as input and returns relations as output using combines or split tables to generate subset of expanded tables.

209
Q

Distributed database systems

A

maintains multiple data files across different sites on a computer network.

210
Q

Spatial Scope

A

Extent or area of the input data that are used in determining the values at output locations.

211
Q

Local Operations

A

Use only the data at one input location to determine the value at a corresponding output location.

212
Q

Neighborhood Operations

A

Use data from both an input location pluys nearby locations to determine the output value

213
Q

Global Operations

A

Use data values from the entire input layer to determine each output value

214
Q

On-screen query

A

Data layer is displayed and features are selected by a human operator

215
Q

Set Algebra

A

Uses , =, and <>

216
Q

Boolean Algebra

A

OR, AND, and NOT

217
Q

Binary Classification

A

0 and 1, True and False, A and B or some other two-level classification

218
Q

Natural Breask

A

Looks for obvious gaps in the the data.

219
Q

Zoning Effect - MAUP

A

aggregate statistics may change by the shape of the units

220
Q

Size Effect - MAUP

A

aggregate statistics may change with the area of the units.

221
Q

Dissolve

A

primarily used to combine similar features within a data layer

222
Q

Proximity Functions

A

Operations that hinge on proximity, the distance betweenfeatures of interest

223
Q

Simple Buffering

A

fixed distance buffering that identifies areas that are a fixed distnace or greater from a set of input features overalap is dissolved

224
Q

Compound Buffering

A

Maintain all overlapping boundaeries

225
Q

Nested Buffering

A

Creates buffers at multiple distances

226
Q

Variable distance buffers

A

Buffer distance is variable and may change among features

227
Q

Clip

A

considered a cookie cutter overal where bounding polygon layer is used to define the areas for which features will be output

228
Q

Intersection

A

overlay that combines data from both ayers but only for the region where both layers contain data

229
Q

Union

A

overlay that includes all data from both the bounding and data layers

230
Q

centers

A

set of connected features in a network that connect to at least one and possibly many network links

231
Q

transit cost

A

reflects the price one pays to move a resource hrough a segment of the netwrok

232
Q

Resource Allocation

A

apportionment fo a netwrok to centers

233
Q

Kernal

A

Moving window used in raster analysis

234
Q

Edge detection

A

based on comparing differences across a kernel where values on one side of the kernel are subtracted from values on the other side

235
Q

high pass filters

A

accentuate differences between neighboor cells

236
Q

sptaial covariance

A

determines how similar or disimilar neighbor cells are from one another

237
Q

friction surface

A

cell values represetn the cost per unit travel distance fro crossing each cell

238
Q

spatial interpolation

A

prediction of variables at unmeasured loctation based on sampling at known locations

239
Q

sptatial predection

A

involves estimation of variables by using multiple variable to better predicte values.

240
Q

Nearest Neighbor (Interpolation)

A

Thiessen polygon interpolation based on nearest smaple locations

241
Q

exact interpolator

A

interpolated surface equals the smaple values at each sampel point

242
Q

fixed radius

A

defines the size of a circle that is centered on each cell that is used to determine a local average based on values within the circle radius

243
Q

Inverse Distance Weighting

A

estimates the value at unknown points using the sampled values and distnace to nearby known points.

244
Q

Spline

A

flexible ruler that creates a smooth surface through a set of points

245
Q

spatial autocorreclation

A

tendency of nearby objects to vary in unison.

246
Q

cross-correlation

A

Similar trends between different variables

247
Q

Kriging

A

statisticall-based estimator where weights are chosen in a statistically optimal fashion.

248
Q

convex hull

A

is the smallest poluygon created by edges that completely enclose a set of poitns for which all exterior angles between edgest are greater than or equal to 190 degrees

249
Q

kernal mapping

A

uses a set of sample locations to estimate a continous density surface

250
Q

accuracy

A

the nearness of an observation or estimate to the true value

251
Q

adaptive sampling

A

a method to increase sampling efficiency by increasing the sptaitla sample frequency in areas with higher spatial variability

252
Q

affine coordinate transformation

A

a set of linear equations used to transform from one cartesian coordinate system to another. The transformation applies a scaling, translationa nd roatation

253
Q

Arc

A

a line usually defined by a sequence of coordinate points

254
Q

ASCII

A

American Standard Code for INformation Interchange. a Set of numbers associated witha symbol used in information storage and processing

255
Q

AVHRR

A

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer used to collect visible, thermal and infrared satellite imagers of the glove each data

256
Q

beacon reciver

A

A GNSS reciever capable of decoding beacon base sattion signals transmitted by the U.S. coast Guard beacon stations

257
Q

bearing

A

a direction usual specified as a geographic angle measured from some base lines

258
Q

bilinear interpolation

A

a method for calculating values for a grid location based on a linear combination of nearyb grid values

259
Q

BIT

A

A binary digit. A bit has one of two values, or or off, zero or one. This is the smallest unit of digital information storage and the basic building block from which all other computer data and programs are represented

260
Q

bundle adjustment

A

the simultaneous removal of geometric distortionand production of orthophotographs froma number of aerial images

261
Q

byte

A

a unit of computer storage consisting of 8 binary digits. EAch binary digit may hold a zero or a one A byte may store up to 256 different values

262
Q

C/A code GPS

A

Coarse acqusition code, a GPS signal used to make fro rapid, relatively low-accuracy positional estimates. Accuracies whtout further corrections are typically from a few to tens of meters

263
Q

Carrier-phase GPS

A

Relatively slow but accuracte signal used to estimate position Positons may be determiend to within a few centeimetsers of rbeter

264
Q

Cartesian Coordinate System

A

Right angle two or three-dimensional coordinate system

265
Q

cartographic object

A

a digital representationof a real-world entity

266
Q

cartometric map

A

a map produced such that the relative positonso of objects depicted are spatially accuract, within the limits of the technology and the map projection used

267
Q

centroid

A

the point with the lowest average distance to all points that define the area boundary

268
Q

clients

A

programs that request data from a aserver

269
Q

cluser smapleing

A

a technique of grouping samples to reduce travel time among samples while maintianig sample number

270
Q

COGO

A

coordinate geometry, the entry of spatial data via coordiate pairs usually obtained from field surveying instruments

271
Q

conformal projection

A

wjhen it preserves shape for some portions fo the map

272
Q

conformal coordinate transformation

A

a registration that requires scale changes to be equal inthe x and y directiosn

273
Q

converget circl

A

a circle used in definign facet for a TIN, that passes through three points, and does not ccontain any other points

274
Q

coordinate transformation

A

conversion or assignment of coordiantes from a non=projected coordinate system to a coordinate system, typically via a system of linera mathematical equations

275
Q

cubic convolution

A

method of calculating grid values based on a weighted combintation of 16 nearby grid cells

276
Q

datum adjustment

A

a re=calculation of a datum based on additional measurements

277
Q

datum shift

A

change in horizontal or vertical point locations that result froma datum adjustment

278
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

a range of energy wavelengths, from x-rays through radar wavelengths

279
Q

endlap

A

end to end overlap in aerial photographs taken in the same flight line

280
Q

entity

A

a real world item or phenomenon that is represetned ina GIS system or database

281
Q

epsilon band

A

band surrounding a linear feature that describes the positional error lreative to the feature location

282
Q

fiducial amrks

A

marks that are recorded near the edges of aerial images andused to remove systematic camera distoriton and to register images

283
Q

geocentric

A

a measurement system that uses the center of the Earth as the origin

284
Q

helmert transformation

A

is a transformation method within a three-dimensional space. It is frequently used in geodesy to produce distortion-free transformations from one datum to another. The Helmert transformation is also called a seven-parameter transformation and is a similarity transformation

285
Q

hypsogrpahy

A

representation of height features

286
Q

Law of Sines

A

trigonometric relationship that allows the calculation of unknown triangle edge lengths from known angles and edge lengths

287
Q

LIS

A

land information system, name originally applied for GIS systems specifically developed fro proeprty ownership and boudnary records managemetn

288
Q

local operation

A

a spatial operation where the output location, area, or extent comes from operations on the same extent

289
Q

meridian

A

line of constantlongitude

290
Q

minimum mapping unit

A

smallest area resolved when interpreting an aerial or satellite image

291
Q

Molodenski Transformation

A

zero rotations and a scale of unity, but converts directly from geodetic coordinates to geodetic coordinates, without the intermediate shifts to and from cartesian geocentric coordinates, associated with the Helmert transformation. The Molodensky transformation is simple to implement and to parameterize, requiring only the 3 shifts between the input and output frame, and the corresponding differences between the semimajor axes and flattening parameters of the reference ellipsoids.

292
Q

Nadir point

A

point directly belwo the aircraft usually near the center of an aerial image

293
Q

N-Tuple

A

a group of attribute values in a database management systems

294
Q

Orthogonal

A

intersecting at a 90 degree angle

295
Q

Parallax

A

relative shift in positon of features due to a shift in viewing location

296
Q

perspective convergence

A

apparent decrease in inter-object distance as the objects are farther away

297
Q

plan curvature

A

terrain curvatue along a contour

298
Q

range pole

A

used in srveying to raise a GNSS antenna bove groudn surface

299
Q

secant lines

A

lines of intersection between a developable surface and a spheroid in a map projection

300
Q

semivariance

A

variance between values sampled at a given lag distance apart

301
Q

spaghetti data model

A

vecotr data model in which lines may cross without intersecting

302
Q

traverse

A

series of survey stations spanning a survey. traverses are clsoed when the return to the starting point and open when they do not

303
Q

terrestrial reference frame

A

set of measured points and their calculated coordinates that are used to define a geodetic datum

304
Q

Unary operation

A

an operation that has only one inpu

305
Q

zenith angle

A

angle measured between a vertical line upward from a point on the Earth and the line from that point to the sun.

306
Q

Internal Direction

A

Where an object is located inside of the reference object

307
Q

External Direction

A

Where an object is located outside of thte reference object

308
Q

Spatio-temporal Models

A

Time passes explicitly within the running of the model and changes time-driven processes within the model

309
Q

Cellular Automata

A

one of a set of units in a mathematical model that have simple rules governing their replication and destruction. They are used to model complex systems composed of simple units such as living things or parallel processors.

310
Q

Agent Based Models

A

Systems contain agents that may move across digital landscapes and react to the environment or other agents according toa small set of pre-sepecified rules

311
Q

Field Based Model

A

Uses fields to organize data

312
Q

Geometric Networks

A

series of interconnected features built within a feature dataset that provide data sources for network junctions and edges (network features). Uses concepts similar to graph theory.

313
Q

Locational fallacy

A

error related to spatial characterizations. Can be too simplistic or even wrong.

314
Q

Atomic Fallacy

A

errors due to treating elements as separate atoms outside their spatial context

315
Q

ecological fallacy

A

errors due to performing analyses on aggregate data when trying to reach conclusions on individual units

316
Q

First (direct) geodetic problem

A

Given a point, direction and distance from a second point find the second point.

317
Q

Second (inverse) geodetic problem

A

Given two points, determine the azimuth and length of the line that connects them.

318
Q

Nadir

A

The given point is the local vertical direction pointing in the direction of the force of gravity at that location. Direction opposite is the Zenith.

319
Q

celestial horizon

A

line or circle that forms the apparent boundary between earth and sky

320
Q

topocentric coordinates

A

celestial coordinate system that uses the observer’s local horizon as the fundamental plane.

321
Q

North Celestial pole

A

point in the sky about which all the stars seen from the Northern Hemisphere rotate. North star is almost in this exact point.

322
Q

celestial equator

A

great circle of the imaginary celestial sphere on the same plane as the equator of Earth that tilts north or south depending on the observers location.

323
Q

Meridian Plane

A

Any plane perpendicular to the celestial equator and containing the celestial poles

324
Q

Local Meridian

A

the plane containing the direction to the zenith and the direction to the celestial pole.

325
Q

horizontal datum

A

model of the earth as a spheroid (includes a reference ellipsoid and set of survey points).

326
Q

azimuthal Equidistant

A

planar (tangent) - used for air route distances - distances measured from the center are true - distortion of other properties increases away from the center point

327
Q

Cylindrical equal-area projections

A

preserves area, shape and distance gets distorted near the upper and lower regions of the map - straight meridians and parallels - meridians are equally spaced and the parallels are unequally spaced

328
Q

Conic projections

A

preserves directions and areas in limited areas - distorts distances and scale except along standard parallels - generated by projecting a spherical surface onto a cone

329
Q

Extent: Broad in East-West

A

use a conical projection

330
Q

Broad in North-South

A

use a transverse-case cylindrical projection

331
Q

Latitude: Low-latitude areas

A

use a conical projection;

332
Q

Polar regions use a

A

azimuthal planar projection

333
Q

dasymetric map

A

alternative to choropleth maps. ancillary information is used to model internal distribution of the mapped phenomenon.

334
Q

Multivariate displays

A

putting more than two sets of data on one map.

335
Q

Profile

A

A well-defined subset of SDTS created fro translating a specific type or model of spatial data with as few SDTS options as possible.

336
Q

CADD

A

Computer-Aided Design and Drafting

337
Q

Translators

A

take data structured under a source schema and transofrm it into data structured under a target schema. So the hat the target data is an accurate representation of the source data.

338
Q

Standard Interchange Format

A

geospatail data excahnge format used to move graphics files between DOD project 2851 and currently codified in Content Standad for Digital Geospatial Metadata maintained by the FGDC.

339
Q

Data Owner/Creator

A

Creates tables, feature classes and owns those datasets

340
Q

Administrator

A

Full control of the databsae, can read, create, update, delete features.

341
Q

Editor / Read/Write

A

Can Read, update, create and delete features. SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE

342
Q

Reader Only / Data Viewer

A

Can only view data and use SELECT functions

343
Q

Operating System Authentication

A

indicates a user logs in to the computer and the credentials for authorization are supplied to the database by the OS of the user’s computer (log in once)

344
Q

Database Authentication

A

Users log in to the server and then must separately log into the database.

345
Q

Validation

A

automatic computer check to ensure that the data entered is sensible and reasonable

346
Q

Verification

A

testing the database to confirm whether data has been processed correctly or not.

347
Q

Authorization

A

Setting permissions to various parts of the database

348
Q

Database Auditing

A

Tracking who did what with the database

349
Q

System Architecture / strategic bluepring

A

conceptual design that defines the structure and/or behavior of a system. Can be thought of as a To Be Created system.

350
Q

Viewpoints

A

Address the needs of various roles within system architecture

351
Q

Enterprise Software

A

Collection of computer programs with common business applications, tools for modeling how the entire organization works and development tools for building applications unique to the organization.

352
Q

Enterprise Networking

A

integration of disparate networks and systems and managing them, and planning for additional changes.

353
Q

application server

A

software framework that provides both facilities to create web applications and a server environment to run them

354
Q

database server

A

server which houses a database application that provides database servers to other computer programs or to computers

355
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way. They do no allow us to make conclusions beyond the data we have analysed or reach conclusions. Simply a way to describe our data. Provide information about our immediate group of data.

356
Q

Summary Statistics

A

Give a quick and simple description of the data, can include mean, median, mode, minimum, maximum, range, std deviation, etc.

357
Q

Coefficient of determiniation

A

R Squared indicates how well data fit a statistical model.

358
Q

theodolite

A

precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes

359
Q

level machine

A

optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane.

360
Q

total station

A

an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and includes an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, also includes an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calcultations

361
Q

geomatics

A

science and technology of gathering analyzing interpreting distributing and using geographic information. encompasses a broad range of disciplines, cartography surveying mapping remote sensing and GIS and GPS

362
Q

Quality Assurance

A

Planned and systematic production processes that provide confidence in a products suitability for its intended purpose

363
Q

Quality Control

A

product oriented and focuses on defect identification

364
Q

Spatial Data Standards

A

Methods for structuring, describing and elivering sptaitally reference data

365
Q

Interpoperability standards

A

identify how spatial data are served between heterogeneous networks of software systesm

366
Q

conceptual schema

A

determine where dependency is within the data (relationships and connections)

367
Q

logical data structure

A

arrange data into a logical structure which can then be mapped into the storage objects supported by the database management system. (object-based)

368
Q

views

A

results set of a stored query on the data which the database users can query. Not part of the physical schema.

369
Q

sequences

A

ordered collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed, number of elements is called the length of the sequence

370
Q

synonyms

A

an alias or alternate name for a table, view, sequence or other schema object. Makes user access easier

371
Q

procedures

A

subroutine available to applications that access a relational database system

372
Q

database trigger

A

procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table or view in a database

373
Q

subroutines

A

sequence of program instructions that perform a specific task, packaged as a unit.

374
Q

database cluster

A

collection of databases that is managed by a single instance of a running database server.

375
Q

section (coverage)

A

arc or portion of an arc used to define a route or the building blocks of routes

376
Q

region

A

collection of one or more contiguous or noncontiguouse polygons defining a geographic feature

377
Q

tic

A

geographic reference or control point used for geograhic registrationand control for digitizing

378
Q

coverage extent

A

minimum bounding rectangle that defines the coordinate limits.

379
Q

3 types of resolution

A

spatial, spectral, temporal

380
Q

CSDGM

A

Content Standard for Digital Geosptaial Metadata

381
Q

OGC

A

Open Geospatial Consortium - ad-hoc self-selected

382
Q

FGDC

A

Federal Geographic Data Committee

383
Q

NSDI

A

National Spatial Data Infrastrucutre - what the FGDC focuses on.

384
Q

Integrity Constraints

A

set of formulas imposed on a database that prescribes a database schema

385
Q

Database design

A

process of producing a detailed data model of a database and contains all the needed logical and physical design choices and physical storage parameters needed to generate a design in a data definition language.

386
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Sample strategies that allow us to use samples to make generalizations about the populations from which samples were drawn.

387
Q

Spatial resolution

A

Refers to the number of pixels utilized in the construction of a digital image. A higher spatial resolution means more pixels.

388
Q

Temporal resolution

A

Precision of a measurement with respect to time

389
Q

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

A

trade off between temporal resolution and measurement of its spatial resolution.

390
Q

Spectral Resolution

A

is the width of the regions of the electromagnetic spectrum that a sensor will detect

391
Q

absolute scale

A

system of measurement that begins at a minimum or zero point and progresses in only one direction.

392
Q

abstract data

A

what we draw on maps but isn’t there (political boundaries)

393
Q

1 mi. = how many feet

A

5280 ft

394
Q

1 mi = how many km’s

A

1.6093 kms

395
Q

minutes of arc in one degree

A

60 minutes

396
Q

seconds of arc in a minute

A

60 seconds

397
Q

radians

A

360 is a whole circle - 2pi x radius is the circle

398
Q

Azimuth

A

angle between 0 and 360 measured clockwise from north

399
Q

bearings

A

angle less than 90 within a quadrant defined by the cardinal directions E.g. S 45 W in bottom left quadrant.

400
Q

short integer

A

(2 bytes) numerica vavlues without fractional values between -32768 and 32768

401
Q

long integer

A

(size 4 bytes) numeric values without fractional values between -2147483648 and 2147483647

402
Q

float

A

(size 4 bytes) numeric values with fractional values

403
Q

double

A

(8 bytes) numeric values with fractional values

404
Q

precision field attribute

A

number of digits allowed within the field

405
Q

scale field attribute

A

number of decimals within the number

406
Q

interoperability standards

A

identify how spatial data are served between heterogeneous networks of software and hardware systems.

407
Q

Building blocks of a network

A

Edges, Junctions and Turns

408
Q

Geometric Networks are comprised of …

A

Edges and Junctions

409
Q

Component GIS Software

A

seeks to build software applications that meet a specific purpose and thus are limited in their spatial analysis capabilities.

410
Q

Utilities

A

stand-alone programs that perform a specific function. For example, a file format utility that converts from on type of GIS file to another.

411
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

makes broad generalizations from specific observations.

412
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. moves from the general to the specific

413
Q

Abductive Reasoning

A

usually starts with an incomplete set of observations and proceeds to the likeliest possible explanation for the group of observations

414
Q

TIGER

A

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) database

415
Q

.xml

A

file that stores metadata | Extensible Markup Language

416
Q

logical consistency

A

compliance with topological rules

417
Q

validity

A

the degree to which a data set is fit for use in a particular application

418
Q

Systematic Errors

A

tend to be consistent in magnitude and/or direction

419
Q

Additive correction

A

involves adding or subtracting a constant adjustment factor to each measurement

420
Q

Proportional Correction

A

involves multiplying the measurement(s) by a constant.

421
Q

Control network accuracy standards used for U.S. National Spatial Reference System

A

must be in 95% confidence limit, less than 10% of total

422
Q

Trilateration

A

alternative to triangulation that relies solely on distance measurements where the interior angles of a triangle can be determined if the lengths of all three triangle sides are known

423
Q

National Spatial Reference System (NSRS)

A

A national geodetic control network maintained by the National Geodetic Survey

424
Q

orthoimage

A

has the same metric properties as a map and has a uniform scale, corrected for scale changes

425
Q

nominal scale

A

is equivalent to f / H, where f is the focal length of the camera (the distance between the camera lens and the film – usually six inches), and H is the flying height of the aircraft above the ground.

426
Q

planimetric view

A

looks as though every position on the ground is being viewed from directly above. In plan views, scale is everywhere consistent.

427
Q

relief displacement

A

The effect of continuously-varying scale is to distort the geometry of the aerial photo

428
Q

1 degree DEMS are

A

3 arc seconds

429
Q

30 minute DEMs are

A

2 arc seconds

430
Q

1/3 arc second

A

approximately 10 m

431
Q

1/9 arc second

A

approximately 3 m

432
Q

1 arc second

A

approximately 30 m

433
Q

1 radian

A

57.29 degrees

434
Q

180 degrees

A

3.14 radians

435
Q

EPSG

A

structured dataset of CRS and Coordinate Transformations, originally compiled by the no defunct Eurpoean Petroleum Survey Group

436
Q

EPSG 4326

A

WGS84 Commonly used by organizations that provide GIS data for the entire globe CRS used by google earth

437
Q

EPSG 4269

A

NAD83 - Most commonly used by US agencies

438
Q

EPSG 4267

A

NAD27

439
Q

EPSG 32610

A

Projected Easting/Northing for UTM ZONE 10

440
Q

EPSG 3857

A

Web Mercator Tiles from google maps, open street maps

441
Q

mass points

A

Spot elevations produced photogrammetrically

442
Q

breaklines

A

spot elevations collected along linear features

443
Q

primary key

A

consists of one or more columns whose data contained within is used to uniquely identify each row in the table.

444
Q

foreign key

A

is a set of one or more columns in a table that refers to the primary key in another table.

445
Q

topology

A

shape-invariant spatial properties of line or area features such as adjacency, contiguity, and connectedness, often recorded in a set of related tables.

446
Q

topological

A

maintains topology

447
Q

topographic

A

arrangement of the physical features of an area

448
Q

topography

A

study of the shape and features of land surfaces

449
Q

toponym

A

general name for any place or geogrpahical entity.

450
Q

topologically

A

maintains topology

451
Q

Kanban

A

Visualize Work. By creating a visual model of your work and workflow, you can observe the flow of work moving through your Kanban system. Making the work visible—along with blockers, bottlenecks and queues—instantly leads to increased communication and collaboration.

452
Q

Agile

A

group of software development methodologies based on iterative development, requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. Rather than creating tasks and schedules, all time is “time-boxed” into phases called “sprints.”

453
Q

Waterfall

A

sequential linear process of project management

454
Q

Extreme Programming

A

as a type of agile software development it advocates for frequent releases in short development cycles, which is intended to improve productivity and introduce checkpoints at which new customer requirements can be adopted.

455
Q

Project Management Plan (PMP)

A 
formal approved document that defines how the project is executed, monitored, and controlled.
Project Goals. ...
Project Scope. ...
Milestones and Major Deliverables. ...
Work Breakdown Structure. ...
Budget. ...
Human Resources Plan. ...
Risk Management Plan.
456
Q

Rational Unified Process (RUP)

A

iterative software development process framework based on phases of development and four building blocks (Who, How, What and When) and four life cycles (inception, elaboration, construction and transition phase).

457
Q

Construction design Methodology (CDM)

A

the planned method of construction, taking into account all contractual and legal requirements, construction constraints, risks, and opportunities. Methodology includes the temporary and permanent works and the services required to complete the construction works.

458
Q

software development life cycle (SDLC)

A

core aspect of software engineering is the subdivision of the development process into a series of phases, or steps, each of which focuses on one aspect of the development

459
Q

server

A

manages access to a centralized resource or service in a network.

460
Q

Print (python)

A

write to screen

461
Q

tags

A

opening or closing used ot makr the start or end of an element

462
Q

element

A

consists of an opening tag its attributes any content and a closing tag.

463
Q

GML:

A

language used to encode geogrpahic content for any application, by describing a spectrum of application object s and their properties

464
Q

KML

A

language for the visualization of geographic information tailored for Google Earth. Renders and stylizes GML data. First and formeost a 3D portrayal transport, not a data exchange transport.

465
Q

passive remote sensing

A

use energy generated by the sun and reflected off of the target objects

466
Q

IFOV

A

instantaneous field of view that corresponds to the size of the area viewed by satellite image

467
Q

SPOT

A

first satellite system designed to serve commercial interests in a high-volume production mode

468
Q

Discrete Return LiDAR

A

system records specific values for each laser pulse down

469
Q

Waveform LiDAR

A

collects a continuous record of the pulse returns

470
Q

passive optical systems

A

based on reflected incident radiation

471
Q

UAV

A

just the aircraft itself

472
Q

UAS

A

all encompassing term for everything that makes a drone/UAV operate, the ground control station with pilot, communications, support equipment etc.

473
Q

Ssytem Architecture and Design Implementation Strategy

A

Requirements Phase, Design Phase, Construction Phase, Implementation Phase, Capacity Planning Tools

474
Q

weighted overlay

A

Reclassifies values in the input rasters into a common evaluation scale of suitability or preference, risk, or some similarly unifying scale

475
Q

reconciling

A

Applying changes to the default database in a versioned database environment is called?

476
Q

quantile

A

equal number of features in each class

477
Q

xml parser

A

tool which can compare XML document against its described schema

478
Q

geoid separation (N) or geoid undulation

A

deviation between the geoid and an ellipsoid

479
Q

global statistics

A

identify and measure the pattern of the entire stuyd area

480
Q

local statistics

A

identify variation across the study area

481
Q

Anselin Local Moran’s I

A

local statistic measures strength of patterns for each specific feature HH LL HL LH

482
Q

Getis-Ord General G

A

Global Statistic that indicates whether similar values are clustered

483
Q

Hot Spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*)

A

Local version of Getis-Ord that indicates hot or cold spots

484
Q

Ordinary Least Squares

A

Regression technique

485
Q

Geographically weighted Regression

A

Regional variation incorporated into regression model

486
Q

application scheme

A

created to limit XML schema to a specific domain of interest

487
Q

subset tool

A

used to generate GML profiles containing a user-specified list of components

488
Q

GML features

A

an application object that represents a physical entity and may not have geometric aspects.

489
Q

GML geometry objects

A

defines a location or region instead of a physical entity

490
Q

Synthetic Aperture Radar

A

Pulses of radio wavelengths

491
Q

Radiometric Resolution

A

sensitivity of sensor to collect very slight differences in emitted or reflected energy

492
Q

NVDI

A

(NIR-red)/(NIR+red)

493
Q

GPS polygon and line data collection rate

A

5-second interval

494
Q

GPS point data collection rate

A

1-second interval

495
Q

append

A

multiple input datasets into an existing target dataset

496
Q

errors of omission

A

a mistake that consists of not doing something you should have done

497
Q

errors of commission

A

mistake that consists of doing something wrong

498
Q

merge

A

combines multiple input datasets into a new dataset

499
Q

radial distortion

A

radial from the principle point and cause an image to appear either closer or further from the principle point and are most serious near the edges

500
Q

Identify

A

Computes a geometric intersection of the input features and identity features. The input features or portions thereof that overlap identity features will get the attributes of those identity feature

501
Q

Symmetrical difference

A

Features or portions of features in the input and update features that do not overlap will be written to the output feature class.

502
Q

Update

A

Computes a geometric intersection of the Input Features and Update Features. The attributes and geometry of the input features are updated by the update features in the output feature class.

503
Q

relative scale

A

system of measurement that begins at a point selected by a person and can progress in both directions

504
Q

multidimesnional attributes

A

data compreissed of multiple dimensions sucha s space time

505
Q

ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)

A

A function that performs data extraction, transformation, and loading. Data is extracted from different sources that have different formats, so data must be transformed (or “cleansed”) before loading.

506
Q

Disjoint

A

a Ո b = ᴓ

507
Q

Topologically Equal

A

a = b

508
Q

Intersects

A

a Ո b ≠ ᴓ

509
Q

Contains (feature b is within a)

A

a Ո b = b

510
Q

Within (a is within b)

A

a Ո b = a

511
Q

tesselations

A

connected networks that partition space into a set of sub-aresas

GISP (1 decks)

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