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Intro to GIS > GIS Terminology > Flashcards

GIS Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Features

A

represent the location of an object on a map

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2
Q

Feature Attribute

A

descriptive information about a feature (ex. size, address, age

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3
Q

3 components of an attribute query

A

attribute field, operator, attribute value

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4
Q

what are the rows in an attribute table?

A

individual features on a map

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5
Q

what are the columns in an attribute table?

A

the data attribute’s fields

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6
Q
  1. Data
A

consists of numbers, text, or symbols

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7
Q
  1. Information
A

differentiated from data by implying some degree of selection, organization, and preparation for particular purposes, OR data serving some purpose

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8
Q
  1. Evidence
A

a halfway point between information and knowledge; a multiplicity of information from different sources, related to specific problems

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9
Q
  1. Knowledge
A

how information is interpreted and used depending on previous experience, expertise, and needs

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10
Q

a. Codified Knowledge

A

can be written down and transferred relatively easily to others

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11
Q

b. Tacit Knowledge

A

more slow to acquire and difficult to transfer, ex: gained from experience and familiarity

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12
Q
  1. Wisdom
A

based on all of the evidence and knowledge available

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13
Q

GI Systems

A

computer based tools for collecting, storing, processing, analyzing, and visualizing geographic information

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14
Q

GI Science

A

concepts, principles, and methods that are put into practice using the tools and techniques of GI systems

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15
Q

Open Data

A

data that can be used, reused, and redistributed free of charge
Improve transparency, accountability, and efficiency of decision making

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16
Q

Project

A

A collection of related geographic datasets, maps, layouts, tools, settings, and resources, saved in an .aprx file

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17
Q

Map

A

The project item used to display and work with geographic data in two dimensions (a map opens in a map view)

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18
Q

Scene

A

The project term used to display and work with geographic data in three dimensions

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19
Q

Ribbon

A

The rectangular area across the top of the application composed of tabs that contain software functionality

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20
Q

Tab on the Ribbon

A

a region on the ribbon that groups related Sofware commands

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21
Q

view

A

the window representing the primary work area of the application

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22
Q

active view

A

the view that currently has keyboard focus (the active view controls the contents of the ribbon)

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23
Q

pane

A

a dockable window that contains a related set of commands

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24
Q

gallery

A

a rectangular window or menu that presents an array or grid of visual choices

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25
Q

task

A

a set of preconfigured steps to guide users through a workflow or business process

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26
Q

quick access toolbar

A

a collection of icons located on the title bar that provides shortcuts to commonly used commands

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27
Q

portal

A

connection to an ArcGIS Online or portal for ArcGIS organization

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28
Q

ScreenTips

A

pop-up info tips that appear when you hover over the ribbon

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29
Q

Range

A

Optional dynamic filter that can be applied to a map based on numeric values

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30
Q

KeyTips

A

small tips that appear when you press the Alt key and show keyboard shortcuts for the ribbon

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31
Q

Web Tool

A

an analysis tool that runs through the web or on a server

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32
Q

ArcPy.da

A

Python module for data access

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33
Q

ArcPy.na

A

Python module for network analysis

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34
Q

ArcPy.sa

A

Python module for spatial analysis

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35
Q

ArcPy.wmx

A

Python module for workflow management

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36
Q

representation

A

the construction of a digital model of some aspect of the Earth’s surface

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37
Q

byte

A

a group of 8 binary digits (a combination of 2 1s and 0s)

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38
Q

binary digit

A

a combination of 2 1s and 0s AKA bit

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39
Q

how many combinations in a full byte

A

256

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40
Q

short whole number

A

2-byte or 16-bit

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41
Q

long whole number

A

4-byte or 32-bit

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42
Q

discrete object view

A

the world is empty, except where it is occupied by objects with well-defined boundaries that are instances of generally recognized categories. (vector) ex. bears

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43
Q

continuous field view

A

the geographic world can be described by a number of variables, each measurable at any point on the earth’s surface and changing in value across the surface. (raster) ex. elevations

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44
Q

vector advantages

A

vector is corrector
volume dependent on density of vertices
sources include social and environmental data
applications best in social, economic, and administrative fields
software includes vector GI systems, automated cartography
resolution is variable

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44
Q

vector representations

A

all lines are captured as points connected by precisely straight lines

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44
Q

six approximate representations of a field used in GI systems

A
  1. Regularly spaced sample points
  2. Irregularly spaced sample points
  3. rectangular cells
  4. irregularly shaped polygons
  5. irregular network of triangles, with linear variation over each triangle
  6. poly lines representing contours
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44
Q

raster representations

A

divide the world into arrays of cells and assign attributes to the cells (rectangular or square/pixels)

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44
Q

raster advantages

A

raster is vaster
volume dependent on cell size
source often from remote sensing, imagery
applications best in environment and resources
software includes raster GI systems and image processing
fixed resolution

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45
Q

simplification genaralization

A

for example, by weeding out points in the outline of a polygon to create a more simple shape

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46
Q

smoothing genaralization

A

the replacement of sharp and complex forms by smoother ones

47
Q

collapse generalization

A

the replacement of an area object by a combination of point and line objects

48
Q

aggregation generalzation

A

the replacement of a large number of distinct symbolized objects by a smaller number of new symbols

49
Q

amalgamation generalization

A

the replacement of several area objects by a single area object

50
Q

merging generalzation

A

the replacement of several line objects by a smaller number of line objects

51
Q

refinement generalzation

A

the replacement of a complex pattern of objects by a selection that preserves the pattern’s general form

52
Q

exaggeration generalization

A

the relative enlargement of an object to preserve its characteristics when these would be lost if the object were shown to scale

53
Q

enhancement generalization

A

such as through the alteration of physical sizes and shapes of symbols

54
Q

displacement generalization

A

the moving of objects from their true positions to preserve their visibility and distinctiveness

55
Q

weeding

A

the process of simplifying a line or area by reducing the number of points in its representation

56
Q

The floor of a GIS house

A

geographic information

57
Q

What does an analysis tool specify?

A

What the data is, where it is, and how it relates to other pieces of data

58
Q

What is a Geographic Information System

A

-a container of maps
-digital tools for solving geographic problems
-spatial decision support tool
-inventory of geographically distributed features and facilities
-method for revealing patterns and proceses in geographic information
-tool to automate time consuming tasks

59
Q

A Geographic Information System is a collection of

A

Software
Hardware
Network
Data
People
Procedures

60
Q

Major questions that a Geographic Information System can solve

A

What exists at a certain location
Where are certain conditions satisfied
What has changed in a place over time
What spatial patterns exist
Whatif questions

61
Q

The Process of GIS

A

Think about a place or topic
Ask a question about it
analyze data to make a map
explore the patterns that appear
enhance the data or modify the analysis
ask a new question
repeat

62
Q

Examples of Spatial/Geospatial/Geographic Data

A

Lattitude and longitude
street address
x and y coordinates
range and township
locations shown on a map

63
Q

Examples of Non Spatial Data

A

name
gender
income
SSN or student ID number
political party

64
Q

a vector data structure is also known as

A

an arc/node data structure

65
Q

topology

A

the relationships between points, lines, and polygons have been computed and stored permanently in the database portion of the GIS

66
Q

Nominal Attribute

A

the name or classification of something, ex. a land cover class

67
Q

Ordinal Attribute

A

usually some kind of ranking, ex. a first second or third order stream type

68
Q

Interval Attribute

A

ex. differences between the intervals make sense such as Celsius or Fahrenheit temperature.

69
Q

Ratio Attributes

A

ex. such as a 1 to 24,000 map scale

70
Q

Cyclic Attribute

A

ex. wind direction: north, south, east, west

71
Q

Distinguishing Characteristics of GIS vs other systems

A

provides links between pints, lines, areas, grids and their ATTRIBUTES in a database.
provides algorithms for ANALYSIS of spatial data
“Spatially intelligent”- “thinks” points, lines, areas, grids are actual spots on the earth’s surface, ex. switching projections, computing distances.

72
Q

RARNUM

A

RARNUM is a 9-digit integer representing a unique combination of species, seasonality, concentration, mapping qualifier, and geographic and seasonality sources.

73
Q

voxel

A

3D pixel

74
Q

TIN

A

triangulated irregular network

75
Q

Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography

A

everything is related to everything else, but near things are more relared than distant things

76
Q

spatial autocorrelaion

A

formal property that measures the degree to which near and distant things are related

77
Q

Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)

A

a determination interpolation method that uses known values within a user-defined search neighborhood to predict the value at a specific location

78
Q

sample frame

A

The quest to generalize about the myriad complexity of the real world requires us to abstract, or sample, events and occurrences from the universe of eligible elements of interest

79
Q

Spatial Sampling Designs

A

Simple Random
Stratified
stratified random
stratified sampling with random variation in grid spacing
clustered sampling
transect sampling
contour sampling

80
Q

Isopleth Maps

A

used to visualize phenomena that vary continuously over space

81
Q

Choropleth maps

A

are constructed from values describing the properties of nonoverlapping areas, such as countries or census tracts

82
Q

Spatially extensive variables

A

those whose values are true only of entire areas, such as total population or total number of children under 5 years of age

83
Q

Spatially intensive variables

A

those that could potentially be true of every part of an area, if the area were homogeneous; examples include densities, rates, or proportions

84
Q

mashup

A

describes linking Web sites to create new services that none of the component sites can provide alone and has special significances when linking is done through geographic location, when it is akin to overlay (the linking of services in general)

85
Q

service-oriented architecture (SOA)

A

the notion that any complex computer application can ve decomposed into component parts, and that each of these parts can be providedby servides that are distriubuted over the internet

86
Q

metadata

A

data about data

87
Q

object-level metadata (OLM)

A

describe the contents of a single dataset. required to determine whether a dataset, once discovered, will satisfy the user’s requirements

88
Q

CSDGM

A

US Federal Geographic Data Committee’s Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata

89
Q

15 elements of the Dublic Core Metadata Standard

A

Title
Author or Creator
Subject or Keywords
Description
Publisher
Other Contributors
Date
Resource type
Format
Resource Identifier
Source
Language
Relation
Coverage
Rights Management

90
Q

Dublin Core TITLE

A

the name given to the resource by the CREATOR or PUBLISHER

91
Q

Dublin Core AUTHOR or CREATOR

A

The person or organization primarily responsible for the intellectual content of the resource

92
Q

Dublin Core SUBJECT or KEYWORDS

A

The topic of the resource, or keywords, phrases, or classification descriptors that descriptive the subject or content of the resource

93
Q

Dublin Core DESCRIPTION:

A

A textual description of the content of the resource, including abstracts in case of document-like objects or content description in case of visual resources

94
Q

Dublin Core PUBLISHER

A

The entity responsible for making the resource available in its present form, such as a publisher, a university department, or a cooperate entity

95
Q

Dublin Core OTHER CONTRIBUTORS

A

Person or organization in addition to those specified in the CREATOR element who have made significant intellectual contributions to the resource, but whose contribution is secondary to the individuals or entities specified in the CREATOR element

96
Q

Dublin Core DATE

A

The date the resource was made available in its present form

97
Q

Dublin Core RESOURCE TYPE

A

The category of the resource, such as home page, novel, poem, working paper, technical report, essay, or dictionary

98
Q

Dublin Core FORMAT

A

The data representation of the resource, such as text/html. ASCII, Postscript file, executable application or JPEG file

99
Q

Dublin Core RESOURCE IDENTIFIER

A

string or number used to uniquely identify the resource

100
Q

Dublin Core SOURCE

A

The work, either print or electronic, from which this resource is delivered, if applicable

101
Q

Dublin Core LANGUAGE

A

Language of the intellectual content of the resource

102
Q

Dublin Core RELATION

A

relationship to other resources

103
Q

Dublin Core COVERAGE

A

The spatial locations and temporal durations characteristics of the resorce

104
Q

Dublin Core RIGHTS MANAGEMENT

A

The content of this element is intended to be a link (a URL or other suitable URI as appropriate) to a copyright notice, a rights management statement, or perhaps a server that would provide such information in a dynamic way

105
Q

geolibrary

A

digital libraries that can be searched for information about any user-defined geographic location

106
Q

Virtual realities

A

replace what humans normally gather through their senses- sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste- by presenting information from a database

can place the user in distant locations

107
Q

augmented reality

A

the idea of combining information from a database with information derived directly through the senses

combines information from the database with information from the senses

108
Q

location-based service

A

information service provided by a device that knows where it is and is capable of modifying the information it provides based on that knowledge

emergency services is a strong motivator

battery life is the major limitation

109
Q

Four Distinct Locations of Significance

A

the location of the user, and the user interface, U
the location of the data, D
the location where data is processed, P
the area that is the focus of the project, the subject location, S

110
Q

OGC

A

Open Geospatial Consortium

111
Q

GML

A

Geography Markup Language

112
Q

National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)

A

the technology, policies, criteria, standards, and employees necessary to promote geospatial data sharing throughout the Federal, State, Tribal, and local governments, and the private sector (including nonprofit organizations and institutions of higher education)

113
Q

Limitations to Shape Files

A

Field names cannot be longer than 10 characters.

The maximum record length for an attribute is 4,000 bytes

They do not support type BLOB, GUID, global ID, coordinate ID, or raster field types.

Null values are not supported.

Date fields only support date an do not support time.

114
Q

ArcGIS Online Capabilities

A

Make Maps
Share maps and apps
Collaborate
Analyze data
Work with your data

115
Q

ArcGIS Online Roles

A

Viewer
Data Editor
User
Publisher
Facilitator
Administrator

116
Q

ArcGIS Online Content

A

Maps
Layers
Files
Scenes
Apps
Insights
Notebooks

117
Q

Insight Workbooks

A

created with ArcGIS Insights to explore data and perform spatial, statistical, predictive, and link analysis

118
Q

Notebooks

A

in editor, you can write, document, and run Python code in one place
With notebooks, you can perform analysis, automate workflows, and immediately visualize data and analysis results in a geographic context

119
Q

Web Layers

A

logical collections of geographic data that are used to create maps and scenes; they are also the basis for geographic analysis.

120
Q
A

Intro to GIS (1 decks)

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