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Intro to GIS > GIS quiz > Flashcards

GIS quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Elements of a map and their definitions

A

TODALSIGS

Title
Orientation
Date
Author
Legend
Sources
Index - list of places on map
Grid - enhanced location specification
Scale - distance

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2
Q

What is magnetic declination

A

The angle between magnetic north and true north

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3
Q

Three types of scale and which is best for your map

A

Ratio - 1:1,000

Verbal - “one inch represents one mile”

Graphic - displayed like a “ruler”

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4
Q

Difference between large scale and small scale maps

A

Large scale - can see lots of details (1/10)
Small scale - zoomed out (1/1,000,000)

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5
Q

Difference between reference and thematic maps

A

Reference maps are for information about the location of features

Thematic maps show distribution of a specific metric

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6
Q

Difference between quantitative and qualitative maps

A

Quantitative - espressed as a numerical value

Qualitative - descriptive

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7
Q

Types of reference maps

A

Political, navigation, topographic,

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8
Q

Types of thematic maps

A

Choropleth - uses color to showcase a statistic
Dot density - uses dots to showcase statistic
Proportional symbols
Isarithmic
Flow line
Cartograms

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9
Q

What is a map projection

A

The transformation from the geographic grid to a plane coordinate system

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10
Q

Which properties are distorted because of projection

A

Angles, areas, directions, shapes, distances

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11
Q

What is an ellipsoid/spheroid/global/geographic coordinate system

A

Ellipsoid - global coordinates based upon “spherical” coordinates modified to account for imperfect shape of earth

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12
Q

What geographic coordinate system is the most commonly used

A

Latitude-longitude

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13
Q

What is the Prime Meridian

A

Imaginary line running longitudinally on the Earth

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14
Q

What is the equator

A

Imaginary line running latitudinally on the Earth

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15
Q

What 3 datums are you going to deal with the most living in North America

A

Clark 1866 Datum (NAD27)

World Geodetic System 1984 (NAD84)

Plane Coordinate SYstems

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16
Q

What are the 3 major developable surfaces

A

Cones, Cylinders, and Planes

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17
Q

What is Tissot’s Indicatrix

A

Circles plotted on a GLOBE will remain circular

Circles plotted on a MAP will be distorted in area, shape, or angle

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18
Q

What are 3 common definitions/descriptors of data

A
  • facts that are observed
  • facts that are measured
  • attributes
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19
Q

What are the dimensions of different symbolization forms

A
  • Directly realt
    Point
    Line
    Area
    Volume
    Time
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20
Q

What is the relationship between symbolization form and scale

A

Symbolization form is linked directly to scale - the size of symbol reflects magnitude of data

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21
Q

3 Characteristics of data: location, form, time

A

Location - points, lines, polygons
Form - qual vs quan, disc vs cont, total vs, deriv
Time - time on map, time of data collection, change over time

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22
Q

Difference between qualitative and quantitative data

A

Numbers vs. description

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23
Q

Difference between discrete and continuous data

A

Whole number vs. decimal

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24
Q

Difference between total vs. derived data

A

raw data vs actual after a math equation

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25
Q

MAUP

A

Modifiable Area Unit Problem - can be used as an analytical tool to help understand spacial heterogeneity and spatial autocorrelation

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26
Q

4 levels of data measurements and differences between them

A

Nominal - “eye color”
Ordinal - “level of satisfaction”
Interval - temperature
Ratio - height (has true zero)

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27
Q

Common sources of error

A

Source map error
Data entry errors
Processing errors
Cartographic design errors

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28
Q

Pros and cons of different classification schemes

A

Manual - customizable

Defined interval - sets specific class range size that user sets

Equal interval - values divded into equal ranges, number of classes set by user

Quantile - applies same number of values in a class, no empty

Natural Breaks/Jenks - Based on natural inherent groupings

Geometric - standardized to ensures each class has approx. same number of values and changes are consistent

Standard Deviation - shows how much values of a feature deviate from mean

29
Q

3 major areas of map aesthetics

A

Harmony - relationship between elements

Composition - arrangement of map elements for emphasis

Clarity - ease of readability and recognition

30
Q

Visual heirarchy and ordering different elments to appropriate visual levels

A

What is most important thing on map

Thematic symbols
Title, Legend, Symbols, labeling
Basemap - boundaries, sig features
Basemap - water features
Scale, inset map, orientation
Framing

31
Q

5 levels you will design at each visual level

A

Generalization - simplified shapes

Symbolization - graphic representation

Color - accents and balance

Layout - composition and alignment

Typography - fonts

32
Q

What is the optical center

A

Directly above geometric center

33
Q

What is the figure ground

A

A result of contract but in reference to shapes/objects. No figure ground for homogenous representations

34
Q

What is contrast

A

Leads to perceptual differentiation, defines what is important

35
Q

What is balance

A

Visual impact of arrangement of image units in map frame; impacted most by weight and direction

36
Q

What is Gestalt theory

A

The brain will simplify and organize complex images subconsciously

“unified whole

37
Q

6 Gestalt Laws of Visual Grouping

A

Proximity - objects close together are grouped

Similarity - objects that look alike are grouped

Continuity - Viewer may extend pattern beyond visual field

Closure - disjoint objects may create single recognizable shape

Figure ground - some objects stand out more

Symmetry

38
Q

What is text heirarchy

A

Used to guide readers eye to whatever is most important through size or weight

39
Q

Different between font and typeface

A

Font - variation of weights of a typeface (regular, italic, bold)

Typeface - a family of fonts (TNR, Calibri

40
Q

What is a font

A

Variation of weights of a typeface

41
Q

What is a typeface

A

A family of fonts

42
Q

What is leading and where would you use it

A

Line spacing - in titles, paragraphs

43
Q

What is tracking and where would you use it

A

Overall space between characters - in sentences

44
Q

What is kerning and where would you use it

A

Space between specific characters

45
Q

Basic anatomy of text

A

Ascender height
Cap height
Median
Baseline
Descender height

46
Q

Differece between serif, sans serif, script, and decorative

A

serif = formal
sans serif = versatile, clean, minimal
script - “old world” vibes
decorative - use sparingly

47
Q

Serif typeface styles

A

Old style, transitional, modern, square serif, glyphic

48
Q

Sans serif typeface styles

A

Grotesque, geometric, humanistic

49
Q

What are the 3 primary colors

A

Red, Yellow, Blue

50
Q

What are the 3 secondary colors

A

Orange, green, violet

51
Q

What are the tertiary colors

A

Yellow-green, yellow-orange
Blue-green, red-orange
Blue-purple, red-purple

52
Q

Differences between common color schemes

A

Monochromatic - same hue, different shades

Analogous - sequential on color wheel

Complementary - opposite on color wheel

Split complementary - on color, each side of opposite

Triad - primary, secondary, or tertiary

Tetrad - 2 analogous and their compliments

Square - perpendicular (cross)

53
Q

Difference between hue, saturation, and value

A

Hue - color

Saturation - depth of color

Value - light or dark

54
Q

Different between tint, tone, and shade

A

Tint - color + white

Tone - color + gray

Shade - color + black

55
Q

Difference between data and common color palettes

A

Diverging - interval data, growth, decline

Sequential - increase in magnitude, ratio, dark=more

Qualitative - each color= specific data point

56
Q

3 types of color models and differences

A

RGB - all computers, additive

CYMK - printers, subtractive

HSv (B/L) - values

57
Q

3 kinds of color blindness/ what colors cant be seen

A

Deuteranopia - no green

Protanopia - no red

Tritanopia - no blue

58
Q

Cartography

A

The science of preparing all types of maps and charts and includes every operation from original survey to final printing of maps

The art, science and technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents and works of art.

59
Q

Map definition

A

A symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place

60
Q

True North

A

Refers to the North Pole, Never changes

61
Q

Magnetic North

A

Refers to Earth’s magnetic field, constantly changes

62
Q

3 map classifications

A

Defined by geographic boundaries - small vs large scale
Defined by use - reference vs thematic
Defined by Data Classification - quantitative vs qualitative

63
Q

Gnomonic

A

The projection center is at the center of the ellipsoid

64
Q

Stereographic

A

The projection center is at the opposite side of the tangent point

65
Q

Orthographic

A

The projection center is at infinity

66
Q

3 types of projections

A

Conformal - angles are preserved

Equal Area - areas are preserved

Equidistance - distance is preserved between 2 points

67
Q

Global characteristics lost in 3D to 2D transfer

A

Shape, area, distance, direction, position

68
Q

Classification of Projections

A
  • the global characteristic preserved
  • geometric approach to construction
  • orientation
  • interface of projection surface to Earth

Intro to GIS (4 decks)

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