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GIS for Urban Planners > GIS Final Exam > Flashcards

GIS Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What does LIDAR stand for?

A

Light Detection and Ranging

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2
Q

What are the common uses of GIS?

A

Navigation, land use/ownership/municipal, land formations/terrain models, environmental monitoring/modeling

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3
Q

What file type is the main working space in GIS?

A

.MXD (Map Document)

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4
Q

T/F No GIS data is stored in the .MXD file

A

True - just map elements and graphics, and references other data. This is used to conserve space.

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5
Q

Which file stores most of the GIS data?

A

.GDB (Geodatabase)

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6
Q

T/F .GDB (Geodatabase) is a version of Microsoft Access Database

A

True

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7
Q

T/F .GDC (Geodatabase) is multiple files

A

False - it is one file, but holds multiple layers, tables, photos, relationships, etc.

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8
Q

T/F Shapefiles comes in multiple file types

A

True

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9
Q

What does .shp (Shapefile) include?

A

The feature geometry itself

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10
Q

What does .shx (Shapefile) include?

A

Positional index of the feature geometry

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11
Q

What does .dbf (Shapefile) include?

A

Attributes for each shape

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12
Q

What Shapefile type contains the geospatial metadata in XML format?

A

.shp.xml

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13
Q

What does .prj (Shapefile) contain?

A

Coordinate system and projection information

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14
Q

What is a .mpk file?

A

Map package - files that enables you to zip up all the files into one

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15
Q

What is the .lyr file?

A

Layer file - it contains a link or pointer to the location of the data and contains info on how to render or draw the data

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16
Q

What is the Google Earth file type?

A

.kmz and .kml

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17
Q

What are the raster data file formats?

A

.jpg/.jpeg/.tiff/.png/.img/.grid/.asc/.sid

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18
Q

What do raster data formats include?

A

Aerial photos, digital elevation models, geo

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19
Q

What type of file is for data collected with lasers?

A

.las or .laz

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20
Q

What do .las (Lasers) contain?

A

Set of points with x, y, and z coordinates. Sometimes also RGB values for classification, intensity, and color

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21
Q

What does .lasd file do?

A

A translator file that allows ArcGIS to read, display, transform, and analyze the .las files

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22
Q

What land use color is used for industrial?

A

Light grey to dark grey (light to heavy industrial)

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23
Q

What are blue land use types?

A

Institutional (public buildings, schools, hospitals, churches)

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24
Q

What land use color is used for special types (i.e. tourism, historic, utilities, etc.)

A

Purple

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25
Q

What does green land use (greenspace) include?

A

Agriculture, open space, parks

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26
Q

What land use color is used for low and medium density residential?

A

Yellow to orange

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27
Q

What land use color is used for high density residential?

A

Brown

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28
Q

What is the red land use color?

A

Commercial (office and retail)

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29
Q

What are the 7 classification options in “Quantities” in Symbology?

A

Manual, Equal Interval, Defined Interval, Quantile, Natural Breaks, Geometric Interval, Standard Deviation

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30
Q

T/F The classification method will not have much significant change in cartographic display

A

False

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31
Q

What needs to be taken into consideration when deciding which classification method to use?

A

The audience/consumer of the map

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32
Q

What is Equal Interval classification?

A

Divides the range of attribute values into equal-sized ranges.

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33
Q

How many classes can you have in Equal Interval?

A

As many as you want.

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34
Q

Give an example of Equal Interval classification

A 
You choose how many classes you want
0 - 20
21 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 80
81 - 100
101 - 120
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35
Q

Which classification involves specifying an interval size to define a series of classes within the same value range?

A

Defined Interval

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36
Q

What is the Quantile classification?

A

Each class contains an equal number of features

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37
Q

Which classification involves breaking classes on groups inherent in the data?

A

Natural Breaks

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38
Q

T/F You always use Natural Breaks classification for socio-economic factors

A

False - classes are not uniform

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39
Q

How does Natural Breaks create classes?

A

Class breaks are identified that best group similar values and maximize the differences between classes.

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40
Q

Which classification was designed specifically to accommodate continuous data?

A

Geometric Intervals

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41
Q

Natural Breaks are the compromise method between which three classifications?

A

Equal Interval, Natural Breaks, and Quantile

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42
Q

What are Natural Breaks measured in?

A

Jenks

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43
Q

T/F Geometric Interval is used for socio-economic factors

A

False

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44
Q

Which classification works best with continuous data, such as rainfall?

A

Geometric Interval

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45
Q

Which classification is not good for mapping?

A

Standard Deviation

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46
Q

What is the Standard Deviation classification method?

A

Shows how much a feature’s attribute deviates from the mean

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47
Q

What does ArcMap calculate?

A

Mean and standard deviation

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48
Q

What are class breaks?

A

Created with equal value ranges that a proportion of the standard deviation`

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49
Q

What intervals are class breaks in?

A

intervals of 1, 1/2, 1/3, or 1/4 standard deviations using mean values and standard deviations from the mean

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50
Q

NRDSC CT BG CB

A

Nation, regions, divisions, states, counties, census tracts, block groups, census blocks

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51
Q

What does CDP stand for?

A

Census Designated Places

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52
Q

What are Census Designated Places?

A

Delineated to provide data for settled concentrations of population that are identifiable by name but are not legally incorporated under the laws of the states

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53
Q

What are the four projections?

A

Conic, cylindrical, plane, interrupted projection

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54
Q

What is a datum?

A

Plane, straight line, or point used as a reference when processing a material of measuring the dimensions of a target

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55
Q

What is a mercator?

A

Meridians appear at right-angles to the equator, and lines of latitudes are horizontal lines who distance from each other increases with distance from the equator

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56
Q

What is the transverse mercator?

A

Similar to Mercator except the cylinder touches the sphere or ellipsoid along a meridian instead of equator

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57
Q

T/F The central meridian selected by the mapmaker touches cylinder if the cylinder is tangent in a transverse mercator.

A

True

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58
Q

T/F The transverse mercator cannot show the whole Earth

A

False

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59
Q

T/F The directions, distances, and areas are reasonable accurate only within 25 degrees of the central meridian in transverse mercator.

A

False - 15 degrees

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60
Q

T/F There are no straight rhumb lines in a transverse mercator.

A

True

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61
Q

Define the Albers Equal Area Conic

A

Two standard parallels and equal areas.

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62
Q

T/F Deformation of shapes increases toward standard parallels.

A

False - AWAY from standard parallels

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63
Q

How many UTM and state plane zones are there in the United States in the Lambert’s Conformal Conic Projection?

A

20

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64
Q

What is the most common projection for GIS of Florida?

A

State Plane Florida West, East, North

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65
Q

What is the PLSS?

A

Public Land Survey System

66
Q

The PLSS typically divides land into what?

A

6-mile-square townships

67
Q

What are townships divided into?

A

36 one-mile-square sections

68
Q

What can sections be divided into?

A

Quarter sections, quarter-quarter sections, or irregular government lots

69
Q

T/F A permanent monument (marker) is placed at each section corner

A

True

70
Q

T/F Monuments are only placed at section corners

A

False - monuments can also be placed at quarter-section corners and corners of government lots

71
Q

What is range?

A

A vertical column of townships in the PLSS. West and East.

72
Q

What is a section?

A

One-square mile block of land

73
Q

How many acres in a section?

A

640 acres (1/36 of a township)

74
Q

T/F Sections are never smaller than one-square mile

A

False - due to the curvature of the Earth, sections may be slightly smaller than one-square mile

75
Q

What are the two lines for the PLSS?

A

Principal Meridian and Base Line

76
Q

T/F - The rows of numbers along or parallel to the principal Meridian (North and South) are called Numbers of Ranges

A

False - Numbers of Townships

77
Q

What are the rows of numbers running parallel to or along the Base Line (East and West) called?

A

Number of Ranges

78
Q

T/F The principal Meridian runs East and West

A

False - North and South

79
Q

What does COGO do in ArcGIS?

A

Coordinate geometry

80
Q

What is COGO used for?

A

Coordinate geometry descriptions are used to re-create the features that a surveyor captured.

81
Q

What do you georeference raster data?

A

This turns it into georeferenced raster data, which involves defining its location using map coordinates and assigning the coordinate system of the map frame so you can view, query, and analyze with other geographic data.

82
Q

What is Metadata?

A

File of information (usually XML) that has the basic characteristics of data or information resource

83
Q

What type of data is documented in geospatial metadata?

A

Geographic digitial data (GIS files), geospatial databases, earth imagery, data catalogs, mapping applications, data models, websites

84
Q

What are the four main types of projections?

A

conic, cylindrical, plane, interrupted

85
Q

The UTM and State Plane Zones are in which projection?

A

Lambert’s Conformal Conic Projection

86
Q

What is the UTM?

A

Universal Transverse Mercator (coordinate system)

87
Q

How is the UTM divided?

A

Sixty north-south zones, each 6 degrees of longitude wide

88
Q

What datum does every state plane system use?

A

NAD83 (North American Datum)

89
Q

What is the WGS 84 coordinate system?

A

World Geodetic System

90
Q

What is WGS 84 coordinate system used for?

A

GPS

91
Q

What file of a shapefile holds the geographic info of the state plane coordinate system?

A

.prj

92
Q

What does a .prj file hold?

A

coordinate system and projection information

93
Q

What is the Standard Hierarchy of Census Geographic Entities

A

NRDSC CT BG CB

Nation, regions, divisions, states, counties, census tracts, block groups, census blocks

94
Q

What are the AIANNH Areas?

A

American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian Areas

95
Q

What is the NRDSC CT BG CB?

A

Standard Hierarchy of Census Geographic Entities

96
Q

How many files does a shapefile have?

A

3 to 7, depending on how it is generated (projection, etc.)

97
Q

What does the xml files contain?

A

Metadata

98
Q

What are the possible extensions of a raster file?

A

.jpg, .png, .img, .tiff, .jpg2, .grd, .asd, .sid

99
Q

What would I use to select zip codes in Hillsborough County?

A

Select by Location, because zip codes do not come with counties attached to them

100
Q

How to connect spatial joins and selections?

A

The polygons are not drawn perfectly, so you use the centroid

101
Q

Why would you summarize?

A

Summarize data into a table, you can get summary statistics (count, average, minimum, and maximum values)

102
Q

Why join this table to attribute table of a layer?

A

Symbolize, label, or query the layer’s features based on their values for the summary statistics

103
Q

T/F You always highlight the layer that you are joining to

A

True

104
Q

If you are doing spatial selection for a target feature layer and they are points, what selection method do you use?

A

Intersect the source layer feature

105
Q

What is collective Lidar data referred to as?

A

Point Clouds

106
Q

What are the three types of Lidar sensors and applications?

A

Aerial Lidar, Mobile Lidar, Terrestrial Lidar

107
Q

What is Aerial Lidar data used for?

A

Map elevations of the earth’s surface

108
Q

What are the four digital models created using aerial Lidar?

A

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Digital Surface Models (DSM)
Digital Height Above Ground Models (HAGL)
Digital Hillshade Models

109
Q

Where are Mobile Lidar sensors attached to?

A

automobiles, trains, and other vehicles

110
Q

T/F Mobile Lidar data collects data as a vehicle travels

A

True

111
Q

Name some examples of Mobile Lidar data applications

A

transportation monitoring, utilities mapping and monitoring, high resolution site modeling, self-driving vehicles

112
Q

How is Terrestrial Lidar data collected?

A

From a tripod

113
Q

T/F Terrestrial Lidar has the lowest resolution Point Clouds

A

False - highest resolution Point Clouds

114
Q

T/F RGB values can be collected along with the XYZ point cloud measurements with Terrestrial Lidar

A

True

115
Q

Examples of applications that use Terrestrial Lidar Point Clouds?

A

Site modeling, architecture, construction, engineering, virtual reality, CGI, etc.

116
Q

What is the advantage of Aerial Lidar technology compared to remotely sensed elevation data?

A

Able to capture all the features on the ground and produce images with resolution of 1x1 foot pixels

117
Q

T/F Radar technology is limited to just ground data

A

True

118
Q

What is the best resolutions of radar technology?

A

30x30 foot pixels

119
Q

How many pulses of light per second with Aerial/airbourne Lidar?

A

400,000 pulses of light per second

120
Q

How are elevation levels calculated from Aerial Lidar?

A

Laser transmits pulses and records the time delay between a light pulse transmission and reception.

121
Q

How are Point Cloud data produced?

A

Elevation values are integrated with info from aircraft’s GPS and orientation data from inertial measurement technology

122
Q

What kind of data does orientation/Aerial Lidar include?

A

Pitch, roll, yaw

123
Q

Why is Aerial Lidar unique?

A

Laser pulses that are shot down to the ground can be split.

124
Q

T/F When a pulse is split, only one measurement is returned.

A

False - multiple measurements are returned

125
Q

T/F A Lidar can send out 1,000,000 pulses, but records 1,050,000 measurements

A

True - pulses return multiple measurements

126
Q

What is a major advantage of multiple returns?

A

Vegetation penetration

127
Q

T/F The pulse from Aerial Lidar can make it through holes in the tree canopy and hit multiple features like branches throughout the tree and still hit the ground

A

True

128
Q

What is the Multiple Return Explanation?

A

Lidar pulse sends out, 1st return, then 2nd return, then 3rd return, then 4th return, before hitting the ground at 5th return

129
Q

T/F The 1st return is the least significant with Aerial Lidar

A

False - 1st returned laser pulse is the most significant return, includes highest feature in the landscape like a treetop or the top of a building

130
Q

T/F Lidar produces x, y, z measurements

A

True

131
Q

What is the INS on Lidar?

A

Inertial navigation system

132
Q

What does INS (inertial navigation system) measure on Lidar?

A

roll, pitch, heading

133
Q

T/F One emitted pulse can return only one return (Lidar)

A

False - many returns

134
Q

T/F The last return from Aerial Lidar is always a ground return

A

False - If a thick branch is on ground floor, that might be the last return instead of bare earth

135
Q

What is a return with Aerial Lidar?

A

When the pulse comes back

136
Q

What is included in Aerial Lidar Point Cloud?

A

Elevation measurements, feature classification, return number

137
Q

What instrument collects Aerial Lidar Point Cloud?

A

airplane or drone

138
Q

What are used to create Digital Models from Aerial Lidar Point Clouds?

A

Elevation measurements, feature classification, return number

139
Q

What is a LAS Dataset Statistic?

A

Statistics of return and classification information of all LAS files within the .lasd

140
Q

What does LAS include?

A

Set of points, x y z coordinates, RGB values for classification, intensity, and color

141
Q

What is Raster Interpolation (.las)?

A

Predicts values for cells in a raster from a limited set of sample data points

142
Q

T/F Interpolation (.las) can be used to predict known values for any geographic point data (elevation, rainfall, chemical concentrations, etc.)

A

False - predicts UNKNOWN values

143
Q

T/F A temperature map of the U.S. is considered an Interpolated Map

A

True

144
Q

What are the three models generated from Aerial Lidar?

A

Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Digital Surface Models (DSM)
Height about Ground Level (HAGL)

145
Q

What is the difference between DEM and DSM?

A

Digital Surface Models (DSM) shows both ground elevation and also elevation of objects on the surface (i.e. Elevation of Roof above sea level) which includes ground elevation + elevation of object

146
Q

What does the Height Above Ground Level Model show?

A

Not from sea level, but only shows elevation from ground level (i.e. Height of Roof is 20 feet above ground level). Ground Height = 0

147
Q

How are DEMs and DSMs calculated?

A

Interpolating classified ground points

148
Q

How is HAGL calculated?

A

Subtracting the DEM from the DSM (DSM - DEM)

149
Q

What tool is used for HAGL to subtract the DEM from the DSM?

A

Map Algebra tool -> Raster Calculator

150
Q

How are Digital Hillshade Models generated?

A

Degree of slope for each Pixel/Raster Cell

151
Q

How do traditional Greyscale/Shaded Relief Models created?

A

Use shading effect from Azimuth and Altitude of the Sun

152
Q

T/F Less detailed Grayscale/Shaded Relief Models use a multi-directional Hillshade

A

False - More detailed

153
Q

T/F Natural Breaks should be used for socio-economic factors

A

False - DO NOT USE for socioeconomic factors

154
Q

What are Natural Breaks not a good classification for socio-economic factors?

A

The classes are not uniform

155
Q

T/F Equal Interval is best used for data ranges like percentages and temperature.

A

True

156
Q

What are Lidar Point Clouds?

A

Large collections of 3D elevation points, which include x, y, and z, along with additional attributes such as GPS time stamps.

157
Q

Which classification is used for visualizing data that is not distributed normally, or when the distribution is extremely skewed (i.e. rainfall)

A

Geometric interval

158
Q

T/F Geometrical intervals classification is worse than quantiles for visualizing prediction surfaces, which often do not have a normal data distribution

A

False - Better

159
Q

T/F Quantile classification does not have a normal data distribution

A

True

160
Q

When does the Geometric Interval classification work best?

A

When the data is spread over a large area and is not well distributed.

GIS for Urban Planners (1 decks)

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