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GIS > GIS Exam > Flashcards

GIS Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is data?

A

-Raw data is a collection of seemingly random, disorganised facts or numbers

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2
Q

What is information?

A

-When data is processed, organised, structured or presented in a given context

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3
Q

What does GIS stand for?

A

Geographical Information System
-It is a system, not a computer application

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4
Q

How is GIS important regarding marine and freshwater science?

A

-Document baselines
-Highlight protected areas
-Appropriate Assessments (Natura 2000)
-Monitoring obligations (operation licenses)

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5
Q

What are 6 functions that GIS is capable of?

A
  1. Capture data
  2. Store data
  3. Query data
  4. Analyse data
  5. Display data
  6. Output data
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6
Q

How can you collect spatially defined environmental data?

A

-Remote sensing
-Acoustics instrumentation, side scan sonar, multibeam echosounders
-Broad scale habitat mapping
-Bathymetry
-Surface relief/ substrate types
-Areas of interest, features hazards

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7
Q

What can targeted remote imaging do?

A

-Video data from ROVS / cameras
-Confirm type pf substrates (sand/mud)
-Confirm features (sand waves, possible reefs)
-Trawl marks, drill holes, cable routes
-Sensitive habitats and species

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8
Q

What are the types of GIS spatial data?

A

-Vector
-Raster
-Tabular

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9
Q

Describe what vector data is

A

Points, lines and polygons (x,y)

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10
Q

Describe raster data.

A

Row and column matrix (georeferenced digital maps)
-Eastings and northings
-Soil data or land use
-Continuous data, spectral data from satellite imagery or aerial photographs
-Used as basemaps, surface elevation, seabed bathymetry

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11
Q

Describe tabular data.

A

Attribute tables (csv or txt tables)

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12
Q

What is data integration?

A

-Collection of geographic datasets of various types (tables, shapefiles, maps) held in a common file system folder
-Each dataset is a separate file on disk, but all datasets that belong to one geodatabase are contained in a single folder.

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13
Q

Where can you access GIS data?

A

-Marine institute
-EPA
-Irish government
-From ESRI (ArcGIS)
-EU

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14
Q

What are coordinate systems?

A

-Are location reference systems for spatial features on the Earth’s surface.
-Provides a common basis of communication about a particular place or area on the earth’s surface

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15
Q

What are the two types of coordinate systems?

A

-Geographic (Global coordinate system
-Projected (can be global, continental and local (national)

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16
Q

How are geographic coordinate systems defined?

A

-Defined by longitude and latitude
-Angles measured from the earth’s centre to a point on the earth’s surface. Measured in degrees
-eg. 55 N, 45 W

17
Q

What are parallels?

A
  • Latitude, reference equator (0)
18
Q

What are meridians?

A

Longitude, reference Greenwich

19
Q

What is the origin?

A

Intercept of Prime (Greenwich) Meridian and Equator

20
Q

What are geodetic datums?

A

-Determines how the coordinate system aligns with the spheroid used to the reference ‘centre’ and so do the coordinates
-Due to Earth not being a perfect sphere

21
Q

What is the most common coordinate system used?

A

WGS84 (global)- Global Positioning System GPS

22
Q

What are three examples of geocentric coordinate systems that use satellite technology?

A

-WGS84
-GRS80
-ITRS

23
Q

What is a projected coordinate system?

A

Is defined on a flat, two-dimensional surface (it is a projected sphere)
-Distances are measured in linear units (metres)
-Each position has two values that reference it to that central location (origin). X or Easting horizontal and Y or Northing vertical

24
Q

What does UTM stand for?

A

Universal Transverse Mercator
(Global projected coordinate system)

25
Q

Where is the origin of the UTM coordinate system?

A

Intersection between Equator and Central Meridian
-500,000 m

26
Q

How are locations expressed in UTM coordinate system?

A

In terms of Eastings and Northings
eg. Easting 380749.6, Northing 4928286.8

27
Q

How is UTM expressed?

A

In two-dimensional projection of the surface of earth where the earth map is divided into 60 zones, with each of them separated by 6 degrees in longitude

28
Q

What is an example of continental coordinate system?

A

ETRS89 LAEA Europe
-Also known as the European grid

29
Q

Describe the European grid

A

-Used for reporting Europe
-Coordinates based on a false Easting of 4321000 metres and a false Northing of 3210000 metres

30
Q

Where is the projection centred on the European grid?

A

Centred at 10 degrees East, 52 degrees North

31
Q

What does ING stand for?

A

Irish National Grid

32
Q

Where does the Irish grid lie?

A

-Within the British grid
-However it uses a different co-ordinate system with a meridian more suited to the westerly location.

33
Q

What years was the Irish grid made?

A
  • Based from two primary triangulations in 1950s and 1960s
    -One adjustment in 1975
34
Q
A

GIS (1 decks)

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