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ENV 2GI3 > GIS Exam > Flashcards

GIS Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the buffer created?

A

around points, lines, polygons and areas

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2
Q

What tool do you use to create a buffer?

A

Pairwise buffer tool

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3
Q

What is an example of a place you would analyze using a buffer tool?

A

Neighborhoods or schools in Toronto

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4
Q

What is a Query?

A

finding answers to questions using the table and extracting spatial features from a feature class (layer)

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5
Q

What are the 3 different types of queries?

A
  • interactive
  • attribute
  • spatial
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6
Q

What is an interactive query?

A

select spatial features using the select tool or select spatial features or records from the table (shape field or not)

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7
Q

What is an attribute query?

A
  • it is applied to an attribute table, conditions are specified by the user, and records meeting those conditions are selected using a SQL expression
  • conditions are either true or false
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8
Q

What is the extraction tool? and what is it used for?

A
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9
Q

What is the overlay tool? and what is it used for?

A
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10
Q

what is a spatial join? and what is it used for?

A
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11
Q

What is the aggregation tool? and what is it used for?

A
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12
Q

How are data represented in GIS?
(this is on the exam)

A

objects, fields, and data models

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13
Q

What are 2 data models?

A

vector: objects and raster: fields

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of objects?

A

points, lines and areas (polygon)

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15
Q

what are objects?

A

well-defined boundaries in otherwise empty space

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16
Q

what are 3 things to know about fields?

A
  • continuously change across space
  • continuous surface
  • variables change in value at all locations
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17
Q

what information is stored on an attribute table regarding the feature class?

A

the shape field will have the geometry

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18
Q

What does a standalone table store?

A

It stores any tabular data, not associated with spatial data

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19
Q

what are the 2 field properties?

A

alias and data type

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20
Q

What is an Alias?

A

it is a description

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21
Q

What is a data type?

A

fields

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22
Q

What data type is associated with the Nominal attribute level?

A

Text, Integer (Short, Long)

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23
Q

What data type is associated with the Ordinal attribute level?

A

Integer (Short, Long)

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24
Q

What data type is associated with the Interval attribute level?

A

Float, Double

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25
Q

What data type is associated with the Ratio attribute level?

A

Float, Double

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26
Q

What do you need to know about naming geodatabases? (4)

A
  • name fields using only letters and numbers
  • fields can’t have spaces (use underscore)
  • alias can be used for description
  • name must be unique to that table
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27
Q

Rational model or relational databased #1 (3)

A
  • has multiple tables that will merge together
  • column (field): reps attribute
  • row attribute values an object: called a tuple
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28
Q

Relational Model #2 (3)

A
  • each data set has a primary key ID at the end
  • Foreign key: can be joined to primary key of other table
  • relational join (attribute join)
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29
Q

What is an example of a one-to-one join?

A
  • provinces to capitals
  • principals to schools
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30
Q

what is an example of a one-to-many join?

A
  • provinces to cities
    -school boards to schools
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31
Q

what is an example of a many-to-one join?

A
  • cities to provinces
  • schools to school boards
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32
Q

What is an example of a many-to-many join?

A
  • students to classes (50 stduents with 5 classes each)
  • stores to customers
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33
Q

what is topology? (3)

A
  • it creates data that is aware of its data and attributes
  • flags errors
  • intelligent data
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34
Q

What is containment?

A

a feature within another feature

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35
Q

what is an intersection?

A

overlap intersects or overlaps another layer

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36
Q

what is connectivity?

A

wheater a linear feature is connected to another linear feature

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37
Q

what is vector encoding?

A
  • empty feature class: lines and points
  • points lines and polygons are each encoded separately
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38
Q

what is spaghetti data also known as?

A

dumb data

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39
Q

what takes up more data topological data or spaghetti data?

A

spaghetti data

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40
Q

what was the first thing developed to store vector data? what year was it developed?

A

ArcInfo (1980)

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41
Q

how was vector data typically stored?

A

geography in one file and attributes in another file

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42
Q

What vector data storage was developed in 1993?

A

ArcView

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43
Q

Why was ArcView created?

A

simple format
changed vector format
universal format
non-topological

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44
Q

Where is raster data held?

A

one value is held in each of these squares

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45
Q

how many attributes can you have per layer for raster representation?

A

1 attribute per layer

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46
Q

what are examples of raster representation?

A

elevation, temperature, and soil acidity

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47
Q

how do the size and area of raster data squares relate?

A

the size and area are the same for each square

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48
Q

What types of digitalization is raster data?

A

jpeg, gif, camera, tv

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49
Q

what is real-world to raster?

A

the areal photograph is georefrenced

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50
Q

how is the location in a raster stored?

A
  • not stored in x and y coordinates
  • a cell has an implied location
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51
Q

how do we determine the precision of the location?

A

based on the cell size

52
Q

does the level of resolution influence the goodness of the representation?

A

the higher the level the better, but that’s not always true. need to check variability captured by the ground sampling distance (GSD)

53
Q

What are two types of data collection?

A

data transfer and data capture

54
Q

What are the two types of data capture?

A

primary and secondary

55
Q

What is primary data capture for raster data?

A

remote sensing, aerial photogrpahy

56
Q

what is primary data capture for vector data?

A

surveying, GPS, Mobile GIS and VGI

57
Q

What is secondary data capture for raster data?

A

scanning maps

58
Q

what is secondary data capture for vector data?

A

digitizing

59
Q

What does snapping do?

A

it automatically connects features

60
Q

what are the three types of snapping?

A

end snapping, edge snapping, vertex snapping

61
Q

what 3 rules do you follow when choosing what to input?

A
  • digitize what you really need
  • use level if accuracy according to task
    input data as separate themes
62
Q

what are the 2 common digitizing errors?

A

overshoot and undershoot

63
Q

What is GPS?

A

NAVSTAR- Navigation system with time and ranging

64
Q

how many satellites are available 95% of the time?

A

24

65
Q

how many satellites are visible?

A

7

66
Q

what does the control segment of GPS consist of?

A
  • master control center
  • 12 command and control antennas
  • 16 monitoring stations
67
Q

what is surveying?

A
  • locations if objects determined by angel and distance measurements from known locations
  • uses expensive field equipment and crews
  • most accurate method for large-scale, small areas
68
Q

what are the 4 global navigation satellite systems?

A
  • GPS (NAVSTAR)- US
  • GLONASS- Soviet Union
  • GALLILEO- EU
  • BeiDou- China
69
Q

how does the GPS constellation vary?

A
  • health of satellites
  • orbits change daily
70
Q

how is the Dilution of precision (DOP) examined?

A
  • relative geometry of satellites
  • multiplier of GPS errors
71
Q

what do the 3 Dilution of precision (DOP or PDOP) ratings mean?

A

1- ideal
5- OK
10- Poor

72
Q

where are signal blockages most common?

A

valleys and depressions

73
Q

what can cause signal interference?

A

electronic noise and microwave antennas

74
Q

What can cause signal obstructions?

A

dense canopy and urban canyons

75
Q

What is a GPS user segment?

A
  • GPS receivers
  • signals received from GPS satellites are used to determine the user’s position and time
  • civilian and military user’s
76
Q

what are examples of GPS Receivers?

A

Phones, some watches, MTK D, Navigation devices (GPS), ipads, GPS system 500, etc.

77
Q

what is volunteered geographic information (VGI)?

A

it is when citizens volunteer to contribute geographic data

78
Q

what two apps are available in the ArcGIS platform for mobile GIS?

A

FeildMaps and Survey123

79
Q

what is a spatial join?

A

joins attributes from spatial features in one layer to spatial features in another layer based on a spatial relationship between the two layers

80
Q

what is aggregation?

A

process of grouping spatial features at a level of detail or resolution that is coarser than the level at which the features were created

81
Q

what does the dissolve tool do?

A

it aggregates spatial features based on specified attributes
- need a dissolve field
- summarize numeric fields
- output new feature class

82
Q

what is a boolean raster?

A

assigning a new value to each value of the input layer with the purpose of developing a Boolean (0,1) raster for use in subsequent analyses

83
Q

what is a classification reduction?

A

assigns new values to classes or ranges of old values with the purpose of reducing the number of classes in the original input layer or to create a new classification scheme

84
Q

What is a local function?

A

reclassification and overlay

85
Q

What is reclassification?

A

creates a new raster layer by changing the attribute values of the cells of the input layer

86
Q

What are the 3 types of reclassification?

A
  • boolean raster
  • classification reduction
  • changing measurement scales
87
Q

What is an overlay tool?

A

Boolean (AND, OR, XOR, OR)

88
Q

What is a topological overlay?

A

spatial features combined to from new features (lines and polygons), attributes combined

89
Q

a powerful overlay technique because popular by _____ in the year ____.

A

Ian McHarg’s
1960s

90
Q

what is the union overlay operation?

A

union: overlays two or more polygon layers and keeps all areas in all layers

91
Q

What is a symmetrical Difference overlay operation?

A

overlays an input layer with an updated layer and keeps only those portions that do not overlap

92
Q

What is the intersect overlay operation?

A

overlays two or more input layers and keeps only those portions overlapping in all layers

93
Q

what is the apportion polygon overlay operation?

A

overlays an input polygon layer with a target polygon layer

94
Q

what is the identity overlay operator for?

A

overlays an input layer with an identity layer and adds attributes of the identity layer to the input layer

95
Q

what is a neighborhood function?

A

functions that create an output layer in which the value of each cell is a function of the cells neighbouring the cell at the same location on the input layer

96
Q

what are two types of neighborhood functions?

A

Focal functions and block functions

97
Q

how to calculate the angle of a slope?

A

a= tan-1 (vd/ hd)
a- angle
hd- horizontal distance (units)
vd- vertical distance (units)

98
Q

what are zonal functions?

A

they create an output layer by identifying cells that intersect with or fall within each zone on the input layer

99
Q

what are zonal statistics?

A
  • zones defined by a raster or feature layer (zone field)
  • value raster
  • calculate summary stats of values per zone
100
Q

what are distance functions?

A

used to measure the distance from cells designated as source cells

101
Q

what 4 questions do distance functions address?

A
  • proximity
  • straight line distance
  • cost-weighted distance
  • shortest path
102
Q

What are global functions?

A

computes an output raster dataset in which the output value at each cell location is potentially a function of all the cells combined from the various raster datasets

103
Q

what is a buffer?

A

a zone around a spatial feature to a specified distance

104
Q

what is a buffer used for?

A

used primarily for neighbourhood analysis that aims to evaluate characteristics of an area surrounding a specific feature

105
Q

what are examples of buffer usage?

A
  • properties within a certain distance of a road
  • looking for gaps in coverage
  • delineation of areas around rivers and streams that cannot be developed
106
Q

what are 5 buffer options?

A
  • some (selected) vs all spatial features
  • fixed variable width (field) buffers
  • single or multiple buffers
  • polygons, buffers can be outside or inside boundaries
  • individual buffers vs dissolved buffers
107
Q

what is the erase tool used for?

A

creates a new layer (feature class) that keeps features that fall outside the erased layer and removes those within

108
Q

what is the clip tool used for?

A

creates a new layer (feature class) that includes only those features of the input layer that fall within the spatial extent of the clip layer

109
Q

geography is represented as either _____ or _____

A

objects or fields

110
Q

what is an object?

A

it is a well defined boundaries in otherwise empty space, it is countable (discrete)

111
Q

what are the three types of objects?

A

points, lines, and areas

112
Q

what is the vector representation used for?

A

vector data model is used to represent objects

113
Q

how is spaced defined for vector representation?

A

space is defined by continuous XY coordinate space

114
Q

what is topology?

A

it is the procedure for defining spatial relationships among features. (features know where they are and what is around them)

115
Q

what are the 4 types of topological spatial relationships?

A
  • containment
  • adjacency
  • intersection/ overlap
  • connectivity
116
Q

what are lines?

A

an ordered set of coordinates defines a line and each line is made up of potentially multiple line segments defined by two points

117
Q

what are endpoints of an arc called?

A

nodes

118
Q

what are angle points called?

A

vertices

119
Q

______ is the arc not the line segment

A

feature

120
Q

_____ arcs meet at nodes

A

two

121
Q

what are the 4 categories of cell values?

A
  • image raster
  • thematic rasters
  • interpolated rasters
  • derivatives of each of the above
122
Q

what is an image raster?

A

values rep measurements of energy captured by sensor

123
Q

what is a thematic raster?

A

values represent a theme, category or class, usually are integers

124
Q

what are interpolated rasters?

A

values represent a theme, category, or class, usually are integers

125
Q

what are the types of raster cell values?

A

slope, classification, zonal statistics

126
Q

how to increase the resolution in a a raster?

A

decrease the GSD not only the cell size

ENV 2GI3 (1 decks)

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