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U.S. History > Gilded Age > Flashcards

Gilded Age Flashcards

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0
Q

What happened to the economy between 1877-1893?

A

The economy became better because of interstate commerce. There were cheaper goods and better transportation.

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1
Q

What was the Golden Spike?

A

Marked the completion of the coast-to-coast railroads. It was the merging point of the two lines at Promontary Summit in Utah

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2
Q

Who were three captains of industry?

A

John D Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, and Andrew Carnegie

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3
Q

What or who were the Molly Maguires?

A

Irish immigrant laborers who struggled to survive the American industry. Used violence to gain work safety

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4
Q

Who was the owner of Standard Oil?

A

Rockefeller

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5
Q

Where did all rail lines meet?

A

Chicago

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6
Q

How was iron turned into steel?

A

Bessemer process

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7
Q

Who was the corporate leader for the banking industry?

A

J.P. Morgan

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8
Q

What does “gilded” mean?

A

The era of enormous growth. To be covered with gold leaves or paint

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9
Q

What role did the government play in this industrial trend?

A

They were pro-business. Lack of leadership. Favored the growth. Corruption spread

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10
Q

What were THREE benefits/advantages and THREE negatives/discomforts to the transcontinental railroad?

A

Positives: 1. transportation 2. cheaper goods 3. land given to companies. Negatives: 1. expensive to build 2. lives lost during build 3. companies set own (usually high) rates

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11
Q

List two new inventions.

A

the air brake by George Westinghouse and sleeper/dining cars by Pullman car company. *(trains were NOT invented during the gilded age)

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12
Q

Who were the 3-4 railroad tycoons?

A

Cornelius Vanderbuilt, James J. Hill, Jay Gould

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13
Q

What was the Interstate Commerce Commission?

A

it watched over rail industry to make sure companies had reasonable rates for the public

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14
Q

What was Rockefeller’s industry?

A

the oil industry

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15
Q

What was a rebate?

A

discount rates from the railroad.

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16
Q

What was Standard Oil?

A

Rockefeller’s largest corporation

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17
Q

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

A

creator of the largest steel company

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18
Q

What was the Bessemer process?

A

converted iron to steel cheaply and efficiently

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19
Q

Who was Henry Frick?

A

Carnegie’s assistant who helped the Carnegie Steel Company become successful

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20
Q

How did Carnegie use his wealth for helping others? (philanthropic examples)

A

helped build 3,000 libraries, many schools, donated to public foundations, peace initiatives

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21
Q

What industries did Morgan develop?

A

banking, finance, bridge, tubing, and bought Carnegie Steel Co.

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22
Q

How did Morgan help the U.S.?

A

stopped spiral of deflation by letting government buy his gold. railroad dealings made smaller firms and shorter trips

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23
Q

How did Morgan hurt the U.S.?

A

his Northern Securities Railroad company was illegal under the Antitrust Law

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24
Q

What did Morgan purchase in 1901? Why was it a big deal?

A

the Carnegie Steel Company; b/c steel was worth over a billion dollars

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25
Q

What happened to Northern Securities Railroad?

A

deemed illegal under the Antitrust Law

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26
Q

Define Gospel of Wealth

A

written by Carnegie; said those wealthy enough should help the less fortunate

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27
Q

Credit Mobilier Scandal

A

defrauded American public of common land

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28
Q

Charles Guiteau

A

killed President Garfield

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29
Q

James Garfield

A

President of US; after Hayes; was assassinated

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30
Q

Pendleton Civil Service Act

A

opened jobs to exams rather than political connections

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31
Q

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

A

146 people killed in factory fire because doors and windows locked the workers in

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32
Q

Haymarket Riot

A

Knights of Labor; bomb thrown at police in Chicago at a labor rally

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33
Q

Goal for unions?

A

need more owners rather than more workers

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34
Q

Great Strike of 1877

A

West Virginia workers declared no trains will leave until owners restored their pay

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35
Q

Yellow-dog contract

A

ironclad oath swearing an employee would never join a union

36
Q

lockout

A

reverse strike

37
Q

3 features of NLU

A

1.higher wages 2. shorter hours 3. banned prison labor

38
Q

3 features of Knights of Labor

A

1.limits on immigration 2.restrict child labor 3. government ownership of railroads, phones, etc..

39
Q

What happened to the Knights of Labor as a result of the Haymarket event?

A

the membership declined and soon no longer existed

40
Q

Which union did Eugene Debs lead? Why?

A

American Railway union; to make his way into the railroad industry

41
Q

Why did the Pullman Strike begin?

A

when 5000 employees were fired because they wouldn’t accept pay cut

42
Q

How did the federal government respond to the strike? Why?

A

sent troops to end strike and arrest Debs; caused too much chaos

43
Q

What happened to Debs at the Pullman Strike?

A

he was arrested

44
Q

What job did Debs run for in 1912?

A

President of US

45
Q

Who are Wobblies and what did they try to do?

A

led many strikes; founded by William “Big Will” Haywood; fought for justice directly against employers

46
Q

Elisha Otis

A

invented elevator in 1861

47
Q

Louis Sullivan

A

Chicago architect and first designer of skyscraper

48
Q

Thomas Edison

A

developed electricity in 1879

49
Q

Alexander Graham Bell

A

invented telephone in 1876

50
Q

Woolworths/Wanamakers/Marshall Fields

A

department stores with new merchandise, better quality, and cheaper

51
Q

Brooklyn Bridge

A

helped Americans to afford living farther from the city

52
Q

What is a political machine?

A

the people and institutions bosses controlled

53
Q

What were TWO ways in which political machines were able to keep their positions of power?

A
  1. boss had to keep constituents happy 2. be nice to big businesses and reward them so they would pump large sums to keep the political machine in office
54
Q

Who was the most notorious boss?

A

William “boss” Tweed

55
Q

Washington Gladden

A

biggest social gospel minister

56
Q

Dwight Moody

A

shoe salesmen who took chapel on the road to preach

57
Q

YMCA

A

young men’s christian association; addressed problems of urban youth

58
Q

Salvation Army

A

traveled to provide free soup for hungry

59
Q

Christian Science Moniter

A

Mary Baker Eddy; preached faith was to cure evils (science and religion)

60
Q

National League

A

Americans able to watch touring pros play baseball

61
Q

American League

A

Rival of National League; Americans watch pros play baseball

62
Q

Fenway and Wrigley parks

A

grandstand arenas for pro baseball

63
Q

James Naismith

A

YMCA instructor that invented basketball

64
Q

Vaudeville

A

popular form of urban performance

65
Q

bicycle craze

A

bike invented in 1885 and everyone wanted one

66
Q

How did Grangers try to help farmers in FOUR ways?

A
  1. bought grain elevators so members didn’t have to 2. max shipping rates 3. social isolation of farm life 4.stop the depressions of daily life
67
Q

farmers alliance

A

won legislative seats to strengthen farmers voice

68
Q

inflation

A

fall in value of money and increased prices

69
Q

Greenback Party

A

party of people who wanted inflation and ran for President of US

70
Q

populist party

A

demanded income tax and free coinage of silver

71
Q

What were SIX reforms demanded by Populists?

A

1.income tax 2. direct elections of senators 3. recall 4. referendum citizens vote bill) 5. initiative 6. secret ballot and one year term

72
Q

Jacob Coxey and his army

A

populist that lead 200 supporters to demand reforms

73
Q

William Jennings Bryan

A

Attorney from Nebraska; democratic; defended farmer

74
Q

What does “Cross of Gold” mean when Bryan says this in his famed speech?

A

he wanted coinage of silver and to crucify mankind

75
Q

Who helped McKinley run for the election in 1896?

A

Marc Hanna

76
Q

What were THREE factors that helped McKinley win the presidency in 1896?

A
  1. stayed out of public eye 2. wealth of Hanna 3. support of moneyed eastern establishment
77
Q

What were the big problems of the Gilded Age – corruption, health, urbanization related issues? Cite 5.

A

debt, inflation, unable to afford to live away from cities, expensive rates, TB and other diseases, child labor

78
Q

How did America become more “American” in two ways?

A

rise in industry and rise in urbanization

79
Q

Knights of Labor. Founder? Concerns?

A

Terrance Powderly; against child labor, wanted 8 hour work day, overtime pay, and income taxes

80
Q

American Federation of Labor. Founder? Concerns?

A

Samuel Gompers; 8 hour work day, peaceful protest, safer conditions, higher wages, doesn’t believe women should work

81
Q

American Railway union. Founder? Concerns?

A

Eugene V. Debs; safer conditions, protected wages, and better hours

82
Q

Industrial Ladies Garment Workers Union. Founder? Concerns?

A

Rose Schniederman; equality of men and women in work place, fair hours, safe conditions

83
Q

Great Strike of 1877 (Wildcat strike). Reason? Actions? Results?

A

stop paycuts, more money; gathered and prevented trains from leaving,burned buildings, president helped end it; nothing changed, membership of Kights of labor increased

84
Q

Haymarket Strike. Reason? Actions? Result?

A

shorter hours and more money; bomb thrown at police; nothing good came out of it, people died, Knights of Labor ended

85
Q

Homestead Strike. Reason? Actions? Result?

A

against cut wages; struck homestead; unsuccessful, wages cut even lower than before

86
Q

Pullman strike. Reason? Actions? Result?

A

higher wages; trains stopped, no mail delivered, workers blocked trains; owners stopped cutting wages, President issued retraining order against workers

87
Q

Coal Strike of 1902 (Anthracite) Reason? Actions? Result?

A

more pay and less hours; Teddy intervened and stopped strike, peaceful protest; successful

U.S. History (2 decks)

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