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neurology/psychiatry > Gibbs Brain > Flashcards

Gibbs Brain Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of memory

A

working memory, procedural memory, declarative memory

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2
Q

what is declarative memory

A

memory for facts and events that can be recalled (dates, phone numbers, names)

aka explicit memory

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3
Q

what are the subtypes of declarative memory

A

episodic and symantic

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4
Q

what is episodic memory

A

ability to recall information about episodes that are part of your history (name of a pet, grade on a test)

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5
Q

what is symantic memory

A

ability to recall ideas and concepts not drawn from personal experience (common knowledge like capitals of states and countries)

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6
Q

what is procedural memory

A

memory for how to do things (tie a shoe, play piano)
aka implicit or unconscious memory

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7
Q

what is working memory

A

a form of SHORT TERM memory where events are TEMPORARILY stored (holding a phone number in your head until you can write it down, remembering a set of directions while navigating)

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8
Q

functions of the prefrontal cortex

A

executive functions:
regulates thought (short/long term decisions),
planning ahead, creating strategies,
adjust reactions to situations,
connect emotions with decisions,
house of working memory,
social judgment,
pay attention

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9
Q

what happens when the prefrontal cortex is damaged?

A

personality changes,
negatively impacts ability to assess situations or perform tasks,
unable to discern appropriate behavior: reduced inhibitions,
extreme emotional distress,
impaired working memory

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10
Q

precentral gyrus is part of _____

A

pyramidal motor system

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11
Q

precentral gyrus responsibilities

A

direct innervation of motor neurons in spinal cord, brainstem, cranial nerve nuclei,
initiation of voluntary movements

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12
Q

the precentral gyrus is a ____ system

A

crossed: cells on right side of brain control muscles on left side of body

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13
Q

what happens with damage to the precentral gyrus

A

paresis or paralysis on the opposite side of the body

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14
Q

what structures make up the extrapyramidal motor system

A

cerebellum, pons, spinal cord, thalamus, substantia nigra

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15
Q

functions of the extrapyramidal motor system

A

modulating voluntary and involuntary movements,
postural adjustments,
fine-tuning motor movements,
motor learning (procedural memory)

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16
Q

extrapyramidal symptoms

A

tremors, rigidity, loss of gait, uncontrolled movements (dyskinesias), inability to make postural adjustments, disruption of autonomic functions

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17
Q

parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

also olfactory bulbs, anterior thalamic nucleus, septum, fornix, cingulate cortex

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18
Q

where is the hippocampus

A

medial temporal lobe

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19
Q

functions of the hippocampus

A

declarative memory consolidation
formation of long-term declarative memories
maintenance of cognitive maps for navigation

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20
Q

what happens with damage to the hippocampus

A

anterograde amnesia (inability to learn new information)

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21
Q

amygdala functions

A

perceptions of fear and anxiety
defensive behaviors
social functions such as mating

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22
Q

what happens with damage to the amygdala

A

depression, aggression, anxiety

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23
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A

regulates metabolic homeostasis
controls body temp, hunger, thirst, social recognition, fatigue, sleep, arousal, circadian rhythms

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24
Q

the hypothalamus links what to what

A

nervous system to endocrine system (via pituitary gland)

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25
Q

what happens with damage to the hypothalamus

A

severely affects homeostatic functions & hormone regulation

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26
Q

cell types in the brain

A

neurons
glia
ependymal

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27
Q

what are neurons

A

electrically excitable cells; process & transmit info thru electrical & chemical signals

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28
Q

what are glia

A

non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, provide support & protection for neurons

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29
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

specialized cells that line the fluid-filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

parts of neuron?

A

dendrites, soma, axon, myelin, nodes, terminal

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31
Q

what are (5) things that make neurons special

A

polarized
cellular specialization
excitable
unique
do not regenerate

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32
Q

types of glial cells (3)

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes (CNS)
microglia

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33
Q

primary functions of glial cells (4)

A

surround neurons, hold them in place
supply nutrients
insulate axons (myelinate)
destroy pathogens, remove debris

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34
Q

microglia are the primary ___ in the brain

A

phagocytic cells

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35
Q

microglia are resident _____

A

immune cells

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36
Q

microglia play a role in ______

A

synaptic pruning

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37
Q

2 states microglia exist in

A

resting, activated

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38
Q

microglia are activated by?

A

infection, debris, stress

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39
Q

activated microglia release ____?

A

cytokines, growth factors

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40
Q

activated microglia are linked to?

A

autism, schizophrenia, parkinson’s, chronic pain

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41
Q

why are the effects of infection and stress on the brain exacerbated with age??

A

microglial hypersensitivity hypothesis– microglia have memory: previous activation hypersensitizes them to subsequent activation

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42
Q

corticosteroids affect on microglia

A

can sensitize microglia to INCREASE inflammatory response in brain

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43
Q

what is the peak age of onset for psychiatric disorders

A

adolescence

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44
Q

why do psych disorders onset in adolescence

A

btwn 11-13 years old the brain experiences rapid growth of nerve cell projections/connections

a period of neuronal “pruning”

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45
Q

what is pruning

A

during adolescence, many nerve cells are lost
– a process by which nerve cells that are not used or needed are eliminated

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46
Q

what is the pros of pruning

A

allows the adolescent brain to function more efficiently for tasks that are already known

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47
Q

psych disorders associated with abnormal pruning?

A

schizophrenia, ADHD, autism

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48
Q

pruning is modulated by?

A

GABA mediated inhibitory activity

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49
Q

_____ cells play a role in pruning

A

microglia

50
Q

____ hormones can also affect pruning

A

gonadal

51
Q

what are the types of neurotransmitters

A

biogenic amines
amino acids
neuropeptides

52
Q

what are the biogenic amines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine

53
Q

what are the amino acids

A

glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate

54
Q

what are the neuropeptides

A

somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, prolactin, TRH, GnRH, CGRP

55
Q

what are the 4 dopaminergic pathways

A

nigrostriatal
mesolimbic
mesocortical
tuberoinfundibular

56
Q

nigrostriatal pathway is associated with

A

extrapyramidal motor system

57
Q

mesolimbic pathway is associated with

A

arousal, memory, motivational behavior

58
Q

mesocortical pathway is associated with

A

cognition, executive function, stress

59
Q

TUBEROINFUNDIBULAR PATHWAY IS ASSOCIATED WITH

A

prolactin secretion

60
Q

norepinephrine projections produce ____

A

excitation, arousal

61
Q

norepinephrine is part of the _____ system

A

reticular activating system

62
Q

where are the cell bodies of the norepinephrine neurons located

A

locus coeruleus

63
Q

where are the cell bodies of the 5HT neurons located

A

a chain of raphe nuclei along the brainstem

64
Q

5HT are involved in ___

A

regulation of mood, depression, obsessions & compulsions, social interactions/aggressiveness

65
Q

dopamine and norepinephrine are ____

A

catecholamines

66
Q

steps in catecholamine biosynthesis

A

L-tyrosine
L-dopa
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

67
Q

L-tyrosine to L-dopa (enzyme?)

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

68
Q

L-dopa to dopamine (enzyme?)

A

dopamine decarboxylase

69
Q

Dopamine to norepinephrine (enzyme?)

A

dopamine beta hydroxylase

70
Q

norepinephrine to epinephrine (enzyme?)

A

phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

71
Q

serotonin is an ____

A

indolamine

72
Q

ACh is the primary neurotransmitter of ____

A

alpha motor neurons

73
Q

ACh plays a role in __

A

wakefulness, attention, learning, memory

74
Q

what is the rate-limiting step in ACh production

A

the reuptake of choline at the synapse

75
Q

glutamate is the primary _____ neurotransmitter in the brain

A

excitatory

76
Q

GABA is the primary _______ neurotransmitter in the brain

A

inhibitory

77
Q

major types of neurotransmitter receptors

A

ionotropic
metabotropic

78
Q

ionotropic receptors

A

form ion channel
activation alters membrane conductance

79
Q

metabotropic receptors

A

act through G-proteins
can activate or inhibit second messenger systems
can also be associated with an ion channel

80
Q

main groups of dopamine receptors

A

D1 like (D1, D5)
D2 like (D2-4)

81
Q

D1 like receptors are coupled to

A

Gs

82
Q

D1 like receptors stimulate __

A

adenylyl cyclase

83
Q

D2 like receptors are coupled to

A

Gi/o

84
Q

D2 like receptors actions

A

inhibit adenylyl cyclase, increase K+ conductance, decrease Ca++ conductance

85
Q

serotonin receptor families

A

5HT1
5HT2
5HT4-7

86
Q

the serotonin receptors are what type of receptor

A

metabotropic (G protein-coupled)

87
Q

how do 5HT3 receptors differ

A

they are ionotropic

88
Q

5HT1: type

A

Gi/o protein coupled

89
Q

5HT1: cellular mechanism

A

decrease cellular levels of cAMP

90
Q

5HT1: effect

A

inhibitory

91
Q

5HT2: effect

A

Gq/11 protein coupled

92
Q

5HT2: cellular mechanism

A

increasing cellular levels of IP3 and DAG

93
Q

5HT2: effect

A

excitatory

94
Q

5HT3: type

A

ligand-gated Na+ and K+ cation channel

95
Q

5HT3: cellular mechanism

A

depolarizing plasma membrane

96
Q

5HT3: effect

A

excitatory

97
Q

mechanisms of neurotransmitter termination

A

uptake, degradation

98
Q

basic mechanisms of neurotransmitter uptake

A

taken up & re-packaged
broken down, byproducts taken for re-use
taken up by glial cells, converted, re-used

99
Q

SSRIs basic mechanism

A

enhance serotonin activity at receptors by blocking serotonin reuptake

100
Q

TCAs basic mechanism

A

enhance activity of monoamines by inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine and in some cases serotonin. also affects ACh and other biogenic amines

101
Q

adderall, methylphenidate mechanism

A

increases dopamine and norepinephrine activity by blocking uptake into presynaptic vesicles & increasing neurotransmitter release (Adderall) or by blocking dopamine reuptake (MPH)

102
Q

MAOIs mechanism

A

enhance activity of DA, NE, and 5HT by inhibiting monoamine oxidase, thereby preventing degradation of the NTs

103
Q

cholinesterase inhibitor drugs

A

donepezil, galatamine, rivastigmine

104
Q

cholinesterase inhibitor mechanism

A

increase cholinergic activity in hippocampus and cerebral cortex (by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase)

105
Q

sinemet contains

A

L-dopa and carbidopa

106
Q

sinemet mechanism

A

enhances dopamine production in the brain

107
Q

first generation antipsychotics mechanism

A

decrease dopamine activity by blocking D2 dopamine receptors

108
Q

second generation antipsychotics mechanism

A

decrease serotonin and dopamine activity by blocking 5HT2a receptors, and to a lesser degree D2 dopamine receptors

109
Q

ropinerole mechanism

A

agonist at D2 dopamine receptors

110
Q

benztropine mechanism

A

partially blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the caudate/putamen. also has ability to block dopamine reuptake

111
Q

drugs that block reuptake

A

SSRIs
SNRIs
NDRIs
TCAs
adderall & methylphenidate

112
Q

drugs that block degradation

A

MAOIs
cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galatamine)

113
Q

drugs that increase neurotransmitter production

A

sinemet (L-dopa and carbidopa)

114
Q

drugs that act as direct agonists or antagonists

A

FGAs
SGAs
Ropinerole
Benztropine

115
Q

ropinerole is a _____

A

partial D2 agonist (parkinson’s)

116
Q

benztropine works by ___

A

partial blocker of muscarinic cholinergic receptors
& blocks DA reuptake

117
Q

serotonin biosynthesis

A

tryptophan–> 5-hydroxytryptophan–> serotonin (then gets broken down to melatonin)

118
Q

enzyme: tryptophan–> 5-hydroxytryptophan

A

tryptophan hydroxylase

119
Q

enzyme: 5-hydroxytryptophan–> serotonin

A

aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

120
Q

enzyme: choline–> acetylcholine

A

choline acetyltransferase

121
Q

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

neurology/psychiatry (22 decks)

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