Giardiasis + Pneumococytosis + Rabies

Question 1

Giardiasis is an infection with

Answer 1

the flagellated protozoan, Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis).

Question 2

Giardiasis treatment

Answer 2

Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Nitazoxanide
Paromomycin (during pregnancy)

Question 3

Giardia trophozoites multiply by

Answer 3

binary fission.

Question 4

Modes of transmission of Giardia lamblia

Answer 4

• Waterborne transmission (major)
• Ingestion of contaminated food
• By direct person-to-person contact

Question 5

There are ____ genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis . How many infect humans and animals?

Answer 5

Eight, Two

Question 6

There are ____ genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis . How many infect humans and animals?

Answer 6

Eight, Two

Question 7

The clinical manifestations of giardiasis vary with…

Answer 7

… genotype

Question 8

Many cases of giardiasis are symptomatic, and
asymptomatic people can pass infective cysts. True or false?

Answer 8

Kinda true: it can also be asymptomatic.

Question 9

Symptoms of acute giardiasis

Answer 9

Watery malodorous
diarrhoea
Abdominal cramps and distention
Flatulence,
Eructation (belching)
Intermittent nausea
Epigastric discomfort
Low-grade malaise and anorexia.

Question 10

Weight loss in giardiasis is due to…

Answer 10

Malabsorption of fat and sugars

Question 11

Weight loss in giardiasis is due to…

Answer 11

Malabsorption of fat and sugars

Question 12

Diagnosis of giardiasis

Answer 12

Enzyme immunoassay for antigen in stool.
Microscopic examination of stool.
Sampling of the upper intestinal contents
Specific DNA probes

Question 13

In the treatment of giardiasis, metronidazole and tinidizole are safe for pregnant women. True or false?

Answer 13

False. They are unrecommended.

Question 14

Causative organism of pneumocystosis is

Answer 14

Pneumocystis carinii (rats) and
Pneumocystis jirovecii (humans).

Question 15

Risk factors for pneumocystosis

Answer 15

Mainly immunosuppression (that’s why it killed many AIDS patients)
CD4 count <200 cells/mm3
CD4 percentage <14%
Previous episode of PCP
Oral thrush

Question 16

Clinical manifestations of pneumocystosis

Answer 16

• Fever
• Hypoxia (especially with exertion).
• Dyspnoea
• Tachypnea, tachycardia.
• Dry cough
• Inspiratory crackles.
• Pleuritic chest pain
• Elevated alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient
• Malaise

Question 17

Pneumocystosis diagnosis

Answer 17

• Identification of organism on stain of respiratory secretions or tissue - gold standard.
• Induced sputum: sensitivity <50-90%.
• Bronchoscopy with BAL: sensitivity 90-99%.
• Lung biopsy: sensitivity 95-100%.
• Non-invasive tests – LDH, PCR and Beta-glucan.

Question 18

Mild pneumocystosis treatment

Answer 18

 Oral TMP-SMX
 Clindamycin-Primaquine
 TMP-Dapsone
 Atovaquone

Question 19

When are corticosteroids administered in pneumocystosis

Answer 19

if: PaO2 <70 or alveolar-arterial (A-a)
gradient >35

Question 20

Which drug is administered in pneumocystosis in pregnancy?

Answer 20

TMP-SMX Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Question 21

Drugs used in pneumocystosis prophylaxis

Answer 21

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
Dapsone
Atovaquone
Inhaled Pentamidine

Question 22

Rabies symptoms

Answer 22

• Fever and tingling at the site of exposure
• Violent movements
• Uncontrolled excitement
• Fear of water
• An inability to move parts of the body
• Confusion
• Loss of consciousness.

Question 23

The time period (incubation period) between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually

Answer 23

one to three months; however, it can vary from less than one week to more than one year.

The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.

Question 24

Rabies transmission

Answer 24

Lower animals to man via bites
Infected saliva comes in contact with mucous membranes

Question 25

When is World Rabies Day?

Answer 25

September 28

Question 26

Neither blood nor WBCs are present in stool of Giardiasis patients. True or false?

Answer 26

True