Giardiasis + Pneumococytosis + Rabies Flashcards
Giardiasis is an infection with
the flagellated protozoan, Giardia duodenalis (G. lamblia, G. intestinalis).
Giardiasis treatment
Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Nitazoxanide
Paromomycin (during pregnancy)
Giardia trophozoites multiply by
binary fission.
Modes of transmission of Giardia lamblia
- Waterborne transmission (major)
- Ingestion of contaminated food
- By direct person-to-person contact
There are ____ genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis . How many infect humans and animals?
Eight, Two
There are ____ genetic groups (assemblages) of G. duodenalis . How many infect humans and animals?
Eight, Two
The clinical manifestations of giardiasis vary with…
… genotype
Many cases of giardiasis are symptomatic, and
asymptomatic people can pass infective cysts. True or false?
Kinda true: it can also be asymptomatic.
Symptoms of acute giardiasis
Watery malodorous
diarrhoea
Abdominal cramps and distention
Flatulence,
Eructation (belching)
Intermittent nausea
Epigastric discomfort
Low-grade malaise and anorexia.
Weight loss in giardiasis is due to…
Malabsorption of fat and sugars
Weight loss in giardiasis is due to…
Malabsorption of fat and sugars
Diagnosis of giardiasis
Enzyme immunoassay for antigen in stool.
Microscopic examination of stool.
Sampling of the upper intestinal contents
Specific DNA probes
In the treatment of giardiasis, metronidazole and tinidizole are safe for pregnant women. True or false?
False. They are unrecommended.
Causative organism of pneumocystosis is
Pneumocystis carinii (rats) and
Pneumocystis jirovecii (humans).
Risk factors for pneumocystosis
Mainly immunosuppression (that’s why it killed many AIDS patients)
CD4 count <200 cells/mm3
CD4 percentage <14%
Previous episode of PCP
Oral thrush
Clinical manifestations of pneumocystosis
- Fever
- Hypoxia (especially with exertion).
- Dyspnoea
- Tachypnea, tachycardia.
- Dry cough
- Inspiratory crackles.
- Pleuritic chest pain
- Elevated alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient
- Malaise
Pneumocystosis diagnosis
- Identification of organism on stain of respiratory secretions or tissue - gold standard.
- Induced sputum: sensitivity <50-90%.
- Bronchoscopy with BAL: sensitivity 90-99%.
- Lung biopsy: sensitivity 95-100%.
- Non-invasive tests – LDH, PCR and Beta-glucan.
Mild pneumocystosis treatment
Oral TMP-SMX
Clindamycin-Primaquine
TMP-Dapsone
Atovaquone
When are corticosteroids administered in pneumocystosis
if: PaO2 <70 or alveolar-arterial (A-a)
gradient >35
Which drug is administered in pneumocystosis in pregnancy?
TMP-SMX Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Drugs used in pneumocystosis prophylaxis
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)
Dapsone
Atovaquone
Inhaled Pentamidine
Rabies symptoms
- Fever and tingling at the site of exposure
- Violent movements
- Uncontrolled excitement
- Fear of water
- An inability to move parts of the body
- Confusion
- Loss of consciousness.
The time period (incubation period) between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually
one to three months; however, it can vary from less than one week to more than one year.
The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system.
Rabies transmission
Lower animals to man via bites
Infected saliva comes in contact with mucous membranes
