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GI tract anatomy > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

When the abdominal region is divided into 9 what are the top 3 regions known as?

A

Right hypocondrium, epigastrium, left hypocondrium

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2
Q

When the abdominal region is divided into 9, what are the middle 3 regions known as?

A

Right lumar, umbilical, left lumbar

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3
Q

When the abdominal region is divided into 9 regions what are the lower 3 regions known as?

A

Right iliac, hypogastrium or suprapubic, left iliac

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4
Q

What is the subcostal plane?

A

Inferior border of costal margin

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5
Q

What are the 4 abdominal quadrants?

A

Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

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6
Q

In which quadrant is the liver found?

A

Right upper quadrant

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7
Q

In which quadrant is the gall bladder found?

A

RIght upper quadrant

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8
Q

In which quadrant is the stomach found?

A

Predominantly left upper quadrant

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9
Q

In which quadrant is the spleen found?

A

Left upper quadrant

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10
Q

In which quadrant is the appendix found?

A

Right lower quadrant

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11
Q

Name the layers of the abdominal wall

A

Skin
Campers fascia
Scarpas fascia
External oblique muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Extraperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

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13
Q

Where does rectus abdominis arise from?

A

public crest

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14
Q

Where does rectus abdominis insert?

A

Pubic crest

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15
Q

What is the function of rectus abdominis?

A

Flexion of the lumbar spine. also keeps the lumbar spine straight at times when the force of gravity extends it.

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16
Q

Where does transversus abdominis originate?

A

Inner aspect of costal margin (6th-12th rib), edge of thoracolumbar fascia, below from inner aspect of iliac crest. Lowest fibres from iliopsoas fascia

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17
Q

Where does transversus abdominis terminate?

A

Transversus aponeurosis. Inserts on linea alba, pubic symphysis and xiphoid process.

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18
Q

where does internal oblique originate?

A

Inguinal ligament, iliac crest and lumbodorsal fascia.

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19
Q

where does internal oblique insert?

A

Highest fibres insert on lowest 3 ribs. other fibres end on internal oblique aponeurosis. also joined by cut edge of external oblique

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20
Q

where does external oblique originate?

A

Arises from 12th rib to 5th rib. Has posterior part that arises from 12th -10th rib. Anterior part that arises from 9th to 6th rib.

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21
Q

where does the posterior part of external oblique insert?

A

Outer half of iliac crest

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22
Q

Where does the anterior part of external oblique insert?

A

External oblique aponeurosis.

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23
Q

What is the free lower border of external oblique aponeurosis between anterior and superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle known as?

A

Inguinal ligament

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24
Q

what is the rectus sheath?

A

Fibrous compartment formed by the aponeuroses of anterolateral muscles.

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25
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

The inferior border of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath

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26
Q

Above the arcuate line, what does the external oblique form?

A

Anterior layer of rectus sheath

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27
Q

Above the arcuate line, what does the internal oblique form?

A

The internal oblique splits into 2 layers: anterior and posterior lamina (aponeuroses). the anterior forms the anterior layer and the posterior lamina forms the posterior layer.

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28
Q

Above the arcuate line, what does the transversus abdominis form?

A

The posterior layer of the rectus sheath

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29
Q

below the arcuate line, what muscles form the anterior layer?

A

External oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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30
Q

below the arcuate line, what muscle form the posterior layer?

A

Transversalis fascia

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31
Q

what are the contents of the rectus sheath?

A

rectus abdominis muscle, pyramidalis muscle, blood vessels, nerves

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32
Q

what blood vessels are found in the rectus sheath?

A

Superior and inferior epigastric vessels

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33
Q

what nerves are found in the rectus sheath?

A

Thoracoabdominal nerves (anterior rami of T7-T12 spinal nerves)

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34
Q

what does the superior epigastric artery arise from?

A

Arises from the internal thoracic artery

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35
Q

Where does the superior epigastric artery run?

A

Runs inferiorly in sheath behind the rectus abdominis

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36
Q

where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?

A

Arises from the external iliac artery

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37
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise?

A

Runs superiorly in sheath behind the rectus abdominis

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38
Q

what arteries supply the abdominal wall

A

superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery. Suplemented by: musculophrenic, posterior intercostals, deep circumflex iliac, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial epigastric

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39
Q

What is the innervation of the abdominal wall?

A

Lower 6 thoracic nerves and L1

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40
Q

What does the inguinal canal transmit in males?

A

Spermatic cord

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41
Q

what does the inguinal canal transmit in females?

A

Round ligament of the uterus

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42
Q

What are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal?

A

Deep inguinal ring, superficial inguinal ring

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43
Q

Where does the inguinal canal extend to and from?

A

Extends from deep inguinal ring to superficial inguinal ring. Formed as testis migrate from abdomen to scrotum during development.

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44
Q

What is the floor of the inguinal canal made of?

A

Inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, iliopubic tract

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45
Q

What is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal made of?

A

Transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon

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46
Q

What is the roof of the inguinal canal made of?

A

Internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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47
Q

What is the anterior wall of inguinal canal made of?

A

External oblique aponeurosis

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48
Q

what does the parietal peritoneum form?

A

Forms the innermost layer of the abdominal wall

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49
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

Double layered serous membrane

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50
Q

What is the parietal peritonteum?

A

Outer layer that lines abdominal cavity

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51
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

Inner layer that invests the viscera

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52
Q

What is an intraperitoneal organ?

A

an organ that is completely covered with visceral peritoneum

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53
Q

What is a retroperitoneal organ?

A

An organ that is external to (and only partially covered by) parietal peritoneum

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54
Q

what is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Potential space between visceral and parietal layers, contains peritoneal fluid

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55
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

A double layer of peritoneum that attaches an organ to the body wall

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56
Q

What is the omentum?

A

A double layer of peritoneum that attaches one organ to another

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57
Q

where does the lesser omentum go?

A

Extends between the liver and the stomach

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58
Q

Where does the greater omentum go?

A

Extends between stomach and transverse colon

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59
Q

where is the epiploic foramen?

A

Entry to the omental bursa

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60
Q

what is the mesentery of the small intestine?

A

attaches to the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

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61
Q

Where does the transverse mesocolon attach?

A

attaches the small transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

62
Q

Where does the sigmoid mesocolon attach?

A

Attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall

63
Q

Where does the mesoappendix attach?

A

Attaches the appendix to the caecum

64
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Long tubular structure that extends from the mouth to the anus

65
Q

what are the layers of the GI tract

A

Lumen
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adventia

66
Q

what is the mucosa made of?

A

Epithelium - productive, secretive and/or absorptive
Lamina propria - connective tissue containing vessels, glands and lymphoid tissue
Muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle

67
Q

What is the submucosa made of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

68
Q

What is the function of the submucosa?

A

Supports the mucosa and provides vascular, lymphatic and nerve supplies

69
Q

What does the submucosa contain?

A

Submucosal plexus

70
Q

What is the muscularis externa / propria made of?

A

Smooth muscle cells - inner circular and outer longitudinal.

71
Q

What is the muscularis externa / propria responsible for?

A

Gastrointestinal movements (peristalsis, segmentation)

72
Q

what is the serosa or adventitia?

A

Serous membrane (visceral peritoneum) that covers those structures within the peritoneal cavity.

73
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

FIbromuscular tube that leads to the oesophagus.
Lies posterior to the nose, mouth and larynx

74
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

muscular tube that extends from laryngopharynx to the stomach (level C6-T10)

75
Q

What is the oesophagus lined with?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

76
Q

where is the stomach located?

A

Epigastrium and umbilical region but changes in size and therefore may extend to other regions

77
Q

What are the functions and adaptations of the stomach?

A

Storage - rugae and pyloric sphincter
Mechanical digestion - extra layer of muscle
Chemical digestion - glands secrete pepsinogen, HCL, gastrin
Defence- HCL kills microbes
Secretes intrinsic factor

78
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

Will constrict to stop food leaving then it will let some food through again

79
Q

what is the main function of small intestine?

A

Main site of digestion and absorption

80
Q

Where does the small intestine extend?

A

Extends from the pylorus to the ileocaecal junction.

81
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

Duoneum, jejunum, ileum

82
Q

what are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior, descending, horizontal and ascending

83
Q

what are the 3 modifications of the small intestine?

A

Plicae circulares, villi, microvilli

84
Q

what are plicae circulares?

A

Permanent circular folds in the mucosa and submucosa

85
Q

What is villi?

A

Finger like projections of the lamina propria of the mucosa

86
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Cytoplasmic extensions of the epithelial cells

87
Q

What is the function of the large intestines?

A

Water and electrolyte absorbed from the intestinal contents. Stores undigested materials, synthesizes vitamin

88
Q

What consists of the large intestine?

A

Caecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anal canal

89
Q

What are the orientation of the colon?

A

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

90
Q

where is the hepatic flexure?

A

BEtween the ascending and transverse colon

91
Q

Where is the splenic flexure?

A

Between the transverse and descending colon

92
Q

what are the special features of the large intestine?

A

Haustra, teniae coli, epiploic appendages

93
Q

where does the rectum lie?

A

In front of lower half of sacrum and coccyx

94
Q

what 3 regions is the gut tube divided into?

A

Foregut, midgut and hindgut

95
Q

where is the foregut?

A

Extends from the lower part of the oesphagus to the 2nd part of the duodenum

96
Q

where is the midgut?

A

Extends from the 2nd part of duodenum to the distal third of the transverse colon

97
Q

Where is the hindgut

A

Extends from distal third of transverse colon to the upper third of anal canal

98
Q

What is the arterial supply of the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

99
Q

What is the arterial supply of the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

100
Q

What is the arterial supply of the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

101
Q

What is the portal vein formed by the union of?

A

Splenic and superior mesenteric veins

102
Q

What does the portal vein do?

A

Takes absorbed nutrients to the liver

103
Q

What is the route for lymphatic drainage of the digestive system?

A

Digestive organs
Local lymph nodes
regional lymph nodes
intestinal trunk
Cysterna chyli
Thoracic duct
Left subclavian/ brachocephalic vein

104
Q

Lymph nodes from the foregut organs go where?

A

Coeliac nodes

105
Q

Lymph from the midgut organs goes where?

A

superior mesenteric nodes

106
Q

Lymph from hindgut organs goes where?

A

Inferior mesenteric nodes

107
Q

What is the innervation of the digestive system

A

Innervated by the autonomic nervous system

108
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do to digestive function?

A

Increases digestive function

109
Q

What does the sympathetic division do to digestive function?

A

Slows down digestive function

110
Q

What are the foregut and midgut innervated by?

A

Vagus nerve

111
Q

What is the hindgut innervated by?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

112
Q

WHat is the SNS innervation of the digestive system?

A

Preganglionic fibres from splanchnic nerves, synapse in prevertebral ganglion, post ganglionic neurone goes to effector organ

113
Q

Sympathetic innervation of foregut?

A

Arises from levels of T5-T9, greater splanchnic nerve to coeliac ganglion

114
Q

Sympathetic innervation of midgut?

A

Arises from levels T10-T11, lesser splanchnic nerve to superior mesenteric ganglion

115
Q

Sympathetic innervation of hindgut?

A

Arises from L1-L2, lumbar splanchnic nerve, synpases into inferior mesenteric ganglion

116
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory information transmitted from the digestive system

A

Reflex afferents eg: Stretch
Pain afferents

117
Q

How are reflex afferents transmitted

A

To CNS in parasympathetic pathways - vagus nerve

118
Q

How are pain afferents transmitted

A

to CNS in sympathetic pathways in greater, lesser and lumbar splanchnic nerves

119
Q

Where is foregut referred pain felt?

A

Epigastric region.
Pain fibres carried by the greater splanchnic nerve to spinal cord segments T5-T9. They give rise to referred pain in dermatomes T5-T9

120
Q

Where is midgut referred pain felt?

A

Umbilical region.
Pain fibres carried by the lesser splanchnic nerve to spinal cord segments T10-T11. They give rise to referred pain in dermatomes T10-T11

121
Q

Where is hindgut referred pain felt?

A

Pain fibres carried by the lumbar splanchnic nerve to spinal cord segments L1-L2. they give rise to referred pain in dermatomes L1-L2. Pain is therefore perceived in the hypogastric region

122
Q

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal?

A

Yes

123
Q

What is the exocrine component of the pancreas?

A

Produces and secretes pancreatic juice into duct system

124
Q

What is the endocrine component of the pancreas?

A

Produces and released hormones (eg: insulin and glucagon) into the blood

125
Q

What is the pancreas divided into?

A

Head, neck, body and tail

126
Q

Where is the ucinate process of the pancreas?

A

Ucinate process projects from inferior aspect of the head

127
Q

Where does the tail of the pancreas project?

A

Projects to the hilum of the spleen

128
Q

what does the main pancreatic duct and bile duct unite?

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

129
Q

Where does the splenic artery run?

A

Along the upper border of pancreas to spleen

130
Q

Where does the splenic vein runs?

A

Posterior aspect of the pancreas to the spleen.

131
Q

what are the metabolic regulation of the liver?

A

Stores glucose, minerals and vitamins.
Regulates circulating levels of triglycerdies, fatty acids and cholesterol
Removes excess amino acids for protein prodcution and storage.

132
Q

what is the haematological regulation of the liver?

A

Synthesis of plasma proteins
Removal of toxins, excess hormones, antibodies

133
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the liver

A

Metabolic regulation
Haematological regulation
Production and secretion of bile

134
Q

Where does the liver lie

A

beneath the diaphragm, covered by the ribs.

135
Q

Where is the liver located?

A

Right hypocondtrium, epigastrium and left hypocondrium

136
Q

what divides the right and left lobe

A

Falciform ligament

137
Q

where is the caudate lobe?

A

Between right and left lobe, above gall bladder

138
Q

Where is the quadrate lobe

A

Posterior of liver, next to gall bladder

139
Q

where is the diaphragmatic surface of the liver

A

Faces anteriorly, superiorly and posteriorly. moulded by diaphragm therefore smooth and convex

140
Q

Where is the visceral surface of the liver

A

Faces inferiorly. moulded by viscera, therefore irregular and concave

141
Q

what is the blood supply to the liver

A

Hepatic arteries - 30% from coeliac trunk
Hepatic portal vein - 70%

142
Q

What is the microscopic structure of the liver

A

Liver is composed of hexagonal units called lobules. lobules held together by connective tissue

143
Q

how is blood brought to lobules

A

branches of hepatic artery and portal vein
Passes through sinusoid to central veins
From central veins -> hepatic veins -> IVC

144
Q

What is the route of bile in the liver

A

Bile is secreted by hepatocytes into bile canaliculi-> interlobal bilary ducts -> bile ductule -> bile ducts

145
Q

where are hepatic lymph nodes located

A

At the porta hepatits and around the vessels within the lesser omentum

146
Q

What is the route of lymph from liver

A

hepatic nodes, coeliac nodes, intestinal trunk, chysterna chyli and thoracic duct and then blood stream

147
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to liver

A

Fibres pass in greater splanchnic nerve to coeliac plexus -> hepatic plexus. Carries vasomotor fibres

148
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the liver

A

Vagus nerve

149
Q

Route of bile?

A

Down right and left hepatic ducts into common hepatic duct. Common hepatic duct joined by cystic duct to form the bile duct
Bile duct unites with main pancreatic duct to form hepatopancreatic ampulla
Distal end of ampulla opens into duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

150
Q

What happens where there is fat in the duodenum

A

leads to secretion of cholecystokinin. this causes wall of the gall bladder to contract and the bile is emptied into the cystic duct and biliary tree

151
Q

what is the microscopic anatomy of the gall bladder

A

Rugae
Epithelial cell possess microbilli
numerous blood vessels
randomly orientated smooth muscle fibres

GI tract anatomy (1 decks)

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