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Anatomy II - Post-Midterm > GI System - Oral Cavity, Digestive Tract > Flashcards

GI System - Oral Cavity, Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Q. What is between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches?

A

The palatine tonsils.

Palatoglossal = anterior
Palatopharyngeal = directed downward to pharynx
Palatine tonsils = in the pit situated between the two
soft palate stops food from pharynx accidental regurgitation backward into epipharynx

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2
Q

Q. Where does the parotid gland pass and open?

A

The parotid gland passes through the cheek (parotid duct) and opens at 2nd molar on upper jaw.

Parotid – most superficial salivary gland; posterior to mandibular ramus & anterior/inferior to external ear. @EXIT POINT OF FACIAL NERVE; PRIMARY MOTOR NERVE. Also first attraction site for mumps could spread to testes & cause sterility.
–duct–>canal passes through cheek and opens into oral cavity through buccal mucosa

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3
Q

Q. Where does the sublingual gland pass and open?

A

The sublingual gland opens in the floor of the oral cavity.

Many smaller ducts that open on floor of oral cavity (sits atop myohyoid muscles with multiple openings)

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4
Q

Q. Where does the submandibular gland pass and open?

A

The submandibular gland opens lateral to the lingual frenulum - (deep to mandibular angle; pierces inferior to tongue and through frenulum).

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5
Q

Q. What are the taste buds? How do they work?

A

@@@

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6
Q

Q. What are the boundaries and telltale shape of the circumvallate papillae?

A

The Circumvallate papillae are between the root and body of the tongue. The shape is the letter V at the terminal sulcus of the tongue. Think circumVallate.

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7
Q

Q. Which are the most numerous papillae? What is their role? Do they have taste buds?

A

Filiform papillae are most numerous.
No taste buds.
Form textured dorsal surface. For manipulation

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8
Q

Q. What are the intrinsic muscles and external muscles of the tongue? What are their actions? What is the innervation of the tongue muscles?

A 
Intrinsic muscles = change shape of tongue
Extrinsic muscles = move tongue. 
Hypoglossal nerve (Cranial Nerve 12) innervates muscles of tongue shape and movement.
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9
Q

Q. What innervates taste in the tongue?

A

Anterior 2/3rd = Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve 7)

Posterior 1/3rd = Glossopharyngeal nerve (Cranial Nerve 9)

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10
Q

Q. When are primary teeth lost?

A

6-12 years of age.

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11
Q

Q. What happens with damage to lingual nerve?

A

Problems with ipsilateral tongue.

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12
Q

Q. What are the 3 parts of the tooth?

A

Crown, neck, root.

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13
Q

Q. Where is the dentin located?

A

Between the root and the neck.

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14
Q

Q. What is the role of dentin?

A

Gives the tooth shape and rigidity. Enamel is the white part.

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15
Q

Q. What covers the root?

A

Cement

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16
Q

Q. What is a significant landmark for the epipharnyx?

A

Eustachian tube and adenoid tonsils.

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17
Q

Q. What are the muscles in the epipharynx?

A

3 constrictor muscles in walls superior middle and inferior constrictor pharyngis muscles

18
Q

Q. Where does the esophagus start and terminate?

A

Extends from the distal pharynx at level of C6 to the cardia of the stomach. It passes through the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus at level of T10.

19
Q

Q. What is the composition of the esophagus?

A

Proximal 1/3rd of esophagus = striated muscle
Middle 1/3rd = mixed striated and smooth muscle fibers
Distal 1/3rd = smooth muscle fibers

20
Q

Q. What is paraesophageal hernia?

A

Only peritoneum and part of fundus slide up; can self correct.

21
Q

Q. What is sliding hiatus hernia?

A

Esophagus, cardia, part of fundus slide into thoracic cavity. Causes shortness of breath. Common and reversible.

22
Q

Q. What is the cricopharyngeal sphincter?

A

Upper esophageal sphincter

23
Q

Q, Which GI tract sphincter is NOT circular?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

24
Q

Q. Is the ileocecal junction a sphincter?

A

No. The cecum squeezes the end of the ileum to prevent passage of chyme.

25
Q

What 2 arteries supply the abdominal part of the esophagus? What are their origins?

A

left inferior phrenic artery and left gastric artery. The thoracic part of the esophagus is supplied by direct branches from the thoracic aorta

26
Q

Q. Where is the celiac trunk? What are its branches?

A

The celiac trunk is on the anterior of the abdominal aorta below the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm, so it is below T12, at level of L1. The branches of the celiac trunk include:
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery

27
Q

Q. What is the venous drainage of the esophagus?

A

The esophagus is drained by the left gastric vein which is a tributary of the portal vein.

28
Q

Q. Describe the anatomy of the stomach?

A

The stomach continues from the esophagus. It has a greater curvature and lesser curvature. The top part of the stomach right after the esophagus is the cardia or cardiac part, followed by the body, the antrum of the pylorus, and the pylorus before the duodenum.

29
Q

Q. What is the arterial supply to the stomach?
Veins of stomach are parallel to arteries.
Left and right gastric veins are tributaries to the portal vein.
Right gastroomental vein empties into the superior mesenteric vein which joins with the splenic vein to form the portal vein.
Short gastric veins and left gastroomental vein enters into the splenic vein, which joins with the superior mesenteric vein to make the portal vein.

A

The lesser curvature is supplied by the left and right gastric arteries.
The left gastric artery is a branch of the celiac trunk – supplies cardia and runs along l curve
The right gastric artery is a branch of the hepatic artery – also on lesser curve – anastomoses with the right gastric artery.
The greater curvature is supplied by the left and right gastroomental or gastroepiploic arteries.
The right gastroomental artery arises from the gastroduodenal artery.
The left gastroomental artery is a branch of the splenic artery.
The short gastric arteries are branches of the splenic artery that supply the fundus.

30
Q

Q. What happens with the common hepatic, proper hepatic, gastroduodenal arteries?

A

Celiac trunk → common hepatic artery → proper hepatic artery → supply to liver
Celiac trunk → common hepatic artery → gastroduodenal artery → right gastroomental → supply to stomach

31
Q

Q. What is the venous drainage of the stomach?

A

Veins of stomach are parallel to arteries.
Left and right gastric veins are tributaries to the portal vein.
Right gastroomental vein empties into the superior mesenteric vein which joins with the splenic vein to form the portal vein.
Short gastric veins and left gastroomental vein enters into the splenic vein, which joins with the superior mesenteric vein to make the portal vein.

32
Q

Q. What are the plicae circularis? What are the folds and microvilli? What is their role?

A

Plicae circularis are the mucosal folds of the small intestine.
Villi and microvilli are tiny projections on apical surfaces of intestinal mucosa.
Role of plicae circularis, villi and microvilli is to increase absorptive surface of stomach.

33
Q

Q. What is the role of the small intestine as opposed to the colon?

A

The small intestine absorbs all important nutrients. The proximal colon is responsible for the absorption of water, minerals and water soluble vitamins.

34
Q

Q. Describe anatomy of small intestine. Is the small intestine intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal?

A

Most of the small intestine except for the duodenum is intraperitoneal. The small intestine is attached by the mesentary to the posterior abdomiunal wall.
The SI extends from the pylorus to the ileo-cecal junction.

35
Q

Q. What are the parts of the duodenum? Where are they located? What is noteworthy about the second part of the duodenum?

A

Duodenum has 4 segments – Superior, descending, inferior, and ascending.
Superior portion – horizontal section attaches to pylorus – corresponds to level of L1 vert.
Descending portion – on right side of abdominal cavity descending fom L1 to L3.
Bile duct and pancreatic duct open here and form hepatopancreatic ampulla.
Descending portion in contact with head of the pancreas
Inferior portion – horizontal section that crosses the midline at the lever of L3.
Ascending portion – ascends from L3 to L2 on the left side of the posterior abdominal wall and continues to duodenojejunal junction / flexure where it becomes intraperitoneal again

36
Q

Q. Where is formed by the bile duct and the major pancreatic duct? Where does it enter the duodenum?

A

The bile duct and the pancreatic duct unite to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
The opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla is at the major duodenal papilla.
The hepatopancreatic ampulla enters the duodenum at the descending portion (right side, from L1 to L3)

37
Q

Q. Is the duodenum retroperiotoneal?

A

First two centimeters of the superior portion are intraperitoneal.
The rest of the duodenum is retroperitoneal unti the duodenojejunal junction where the small intestine becomes intraperitoneal again at the jejunum.

38
Q

Q. What is the vascular supply of the duodenum?

A

Arterial supply
Upper part of the duodenum
Celiac trunk → common hepatic artery → gastroduodenal artery → superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (anastomoses with the inferior)
Lower part of the duodenum
Superior mesenteric artery → inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (anastomoses with the the superior)

Venous drainage
Duodenal veins → Portal veins

39
Q

Q. Where is the jejunum located?

A

Jejunum is in the upper left abdominal quadrant.
Jejunum extends from the duodenojejunal flexure (the first fully intraperitoneal coil of the small intestine) to the jejunoiliac junction.

40
Q

Q. What color is the jejunum? Why?

A
  • Jejunum is RED because of significant blood supply

Anatomy II - Post-Midterm (2 decks)

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