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Pathophysiology > GI system > Flashcards

GI system Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients are absorbed where?

A

In the small intestine, there is about 230 feet of surface area for absorption to occur.

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2
Q

Path of digestion

A

mouth- stomach- small intestine- large intestine- rectum- anus

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3
Q

Sympathetic

A

Inhibitory effect: flight or fight.
Decreases mucosal secretion, motility, vasoconstricts

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4
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Excitatory effect: rest and digest.
secretion, defecation, sphincter relaxation

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5
Q

Mouth Enzymes

A

Saliva and Salivary amylase

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6
Q

Gastric function enzymes

A

Hydrochloric acid, Pepsin, and Intrinsic factor

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7
Q

Small intestine enzymes

A

Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, and Bile

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8
Q

Normal functions of the digestive system

A

Intake, Digestion, Metabolism, and Elimination of Food and Fluid

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9
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Indigestion- most common symptom of patients with GI dysfunction

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10
Q

Intestinal Gas

A

Bloating, distention, feeling “full of gas”, excessive flatulence

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11
Q

Nausea and Vomiting

A

a sensation of sickness or “queasiness” that may or may not be followed by vomiting

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12
Q

GI diagnostics: Blood work

A

CBC, CMP (electrolytes), Coags (INR), Lipid panel, LFTs (liver function test), Oncology- CEA.

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13
Q

CEA test

A

Helps measure and can tell you where cancer could be in the body. Looks at protein levels

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14
Q

Stool analysis

A

C-diff, Leukocytes, FOBT- blood in the stool, mucus, parasites, and fat

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15
Q

Breath Test

A

Detects bacterial overgrowth: H.Pylori which infects and can cause peptic ulcer disease. Ulcers in the stomach

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16
Q

Feeding tubes/GI intubation placement

A

Inserted into mouth, nose, abdominal wall.

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17
Q

Feeding tubes/GI intubation

A

used for s/p MVA, CVA (dysphagia), Mechanical ventilation, ALS, HEENT malignancy, Partial/ total gastrectomy, Aspiration risk

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18
Q

Enteral Feeding

A

Feedings infused directly from a tube to the GI tract

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19
Q

Osmolality

A

The ionic concentration of fluid. water moves rapidly into the intestines. leads to fullness, bloating, cramping, diaphoresis, and watery diarrhea.

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20
Q

Dumping Syndrome Leads to

A

dehydration, hypotension, decreased urine output, and tachycardia

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21
Q

Dumping Syndrome

A

The contents of the stomach dump very fast into the duodenum. Smaller meals are recommended to help with symptoms

22
Q

Bowel Elimination Abnormalities

A

Constipation, Malnutrition, C.Diff, zinc deficiency, Dumping syndrome

23
Q

C.Diff causes

A

overusing antibiotics leading to abnormal flora production. The spread of spores can also lead to infection.

24
Q

Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

A

Nutrition by IV, Complex mixture of lipids, carbs, fats, vitamins, and sterile water.

25
Q

Indications for PN

A

Intake is insufficient to maintain an anabolic state, the ability to ingest food orally or by tube is impaired, and the patient is unwilling/not interested in ingesting adequate nutrients.

26
Q

Oral Cancer Manifestations

A

Early stage: few to no symptoms, painless sore/mass that does not heal, indurated ulcer with raised edges, may bleed easily with a red or white patch
Later manifestations: tenderness, difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or speaking, coughing up blood-tinged sputum, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes

27
Q

Esophagus disorders

A

Achalasia (prevents food from moving through easily), Hiatal Hernias (, Diverticula, Perforation, Foreign bodies, GERD, Barrett esophagus

28
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus that causes troublesome symptoms and mucosal injury to the esophagus

29
Q

GERD management

A

Low-fat diet, avoid caffeine, tobacco, beer, milk, mint, and carbonated beverages.
Avoid eating or drinking 2 hours before bedtime and elevate the head of the bed.

30
Q

Acute Gastritis

A

Rapid inflammation of the stomach caused by dietary indiscretion.
- can be caused by medication, alcohol, bile reflux, and radiation therapy.

31
Q

Chronic Gastritis

A

Prolonged inflammation due to benign or malignant ulcers of the stomach or by helicobacter pylori.

32
Q

Peptic Ulcer

A

Erosion of a mucous membrane causes excavation in the stomach, pylorus, duodenum, and esophagus. Associated with infection of H.pylori

33
Q

Peptic Ulcer Manifestations

A

Dull gnawing pain, burning in the mid epigastrium, heartburn, and vomiting

34
Q

Gastric cancer Risk factors

A

diet, chronic inflammation of the stomach, H.pylori infection, pernicious anemia, smoking, achlorhydria, and gastric ulcers.

35
Q

Gastric cancer Manifestations

A

pain relieved by antacids, dyspepsia, early satiety, weight loss, abdominal pain, loss or decreased appetite, bloating after meals, nausea, and vomiting.

36
Q

Gastric cancer Patho

A

-90-95 % are adenocarcinomas
-40% develop in the lower stomach, 40% in the middle, 15% in the upper, and 10% involve more than one area
- Lesions start on the top layer of the stomach mucosa and stomach wall and then infiltrate into the stomach wall and nearby structures and organs near the stomach.

37
Q

Constipation

A

3 or fewer bowel movements per week that are hard, dry, small, and difficult to pass

38
Q

Constipation causes

A

medications, chronic laxative use, weakness, immobility/ lack of exercise, fatigue, inability to increase intraabdominal pressure, and diet

39
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

Chronic functional disorder with recurrent abdominal pain. Associated with disordered bowel movements
Triggers: Chronic stress, sleep deprivation, surgery, infection, diverticulitis, and some foods

40
Q

Malabsorption

A

The inability of the digestive system to absorb one or more of the major vitamins, minerals, or nutrients

41
Q

Malabsorption Clinical Manifestations

A

diarrhea, loose bulky foul-smelling stools, high- fat content, and often grayish. Weight loss, vitamin and mineral deficiency

42
Q

Celiac disease

A

disorder of malabsorption caused by an autoimmune response to consumption of products that contain the protein gluten
Women are affected twice as much as men.

43
Q

Celiac Clinical Manifestations

A

Diarrhea, Steatorrhea, Abdominal pain, Abdominal distention, Flatulence, Weight loss

44
Q

Appendicitis

A

appendix becomes inflamed and edematous as a result of becoming kinked. increases intraluminal pressure, causing edema and obstruction of the orifice

45
Q

Diverticulum

A

Sac-like herniation of the lining of the bowel that extends through a defect on the muscle layer. Mostly in the sigmoid colon

46
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Multiple diverticula without inflammation

47
Q

Diverticulitis

A

infection and inflammation of diverticula

48
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis

49
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease clinical manifestations

A

Diarrhea, fatigue, abdominal cramping and pain, blood in stool, reduced appetite, weight loss.

50
Q
A

Pathophysiology (1 decks)

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