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Physiology II Test II - Jourdan > GI Secretory Functions, Digestion, Absorption > Flashcards

GI Secretory Functions, Digestion, Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gland types of the digestive tract?

A 
Unicellular mucous glands
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Tubular glands
Complex glands:
-Salivary glands
-Pancreas
-Liver
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2
Q

What are the mechanisms of stimulation?

A

Food contact and local epithelial stimulation
Autonomic stimulation (parasympathetic mostly)
Higher brain centers
Hormonal stimulation

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3
Q

What are the functions of mucous (secretion of water and electrolytes?

A

Adheres to food and other particles
Spreads thin film over surfaces
Coats wall of gut, preventing actual contact of food.

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4
Q

What causes fecal particles to adhere to one another?

A

Mucous

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5
Q

What is resistant to digestion by GI enzymes and has amphoteric properties making it useful for buffering small amounts of acids and bases?

A

Mucous

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6
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

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7
Q

Parotid gland secretions are what?

A

Almost entirely serous

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8
Q

Submandibular and sublingual secretions are waht?

A

Mixed

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9
Q

Where does the first stage of salivary secretion of ions occur?

A

In acini

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10
Q

First stage of salivary secretion of ions contains what?

A

ptyalin (alpha-amylase)

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11
Q

First stage of salivary secretion of ions is typical of what?

A

Extracellular fluid

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12
Q

Where does the second stage of salivary secretion of ions occur?

A

In salivary ducts

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13
Q

In the salivary ducts there is active and passive secretion and reabsorption of what ions?

A

Active reabsorption of sodium ions
Active secretion of potassium ions
Active/passive secretion of bicarbonate ions
Passive reabsorption of chloride ions due to -70 mv in ducts

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14
Q

What is the final ionic concentration of saliva normally?

A

?

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15
Q

What is the concentration of ions during maximal secretion?

A

?

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16
Q

Nervous regulation of salivary secretion is via what?

A

parasympathetic system

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17
Q

List factors that stimulate or inhibit salivary secretions

A

?

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18
Q

What are the secretory cell types in gastric glands?

A

Mucous neck cells
Chief (peptic) cells
Parietal (oxyntic) cells

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19
Q

What cell secretes pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

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20
Q

What is pepsinogen?

A

The inactive form of pepsin

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21
Q

What is pepsin?

A

A proteolytic enzyme that functions at a pH range of 1.8 to 3.5

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22
Q

What is the release of pepsinogen stimulated by?

A

Ach from vagus nerves or gastric enteric nervous plexus

Response to acid in stomach

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23
Q

Chief cells also release what in addition to pepsinogen?

A

Intrinsic factor

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24
Q

What cell secretes HCl?

A

Parietal cells

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25
Q

Describe how HCL is made by parietal cells?

A

H2O in the cell breaks down into H and OH
Hydrogen is pumped out in exchange of K
K leaks out
OH combines with CO2 in the cell to form HCO3
HCO3 is pumped into the extracellular fluid in exchange for Cl
Cl is secreted through chloride channels into the canaliculi
*Na+ is reabsorbed into the cell due to Na+-K+ basolateral pump

26
Q

Stimulation of gastric secretions is via what nervous system?

A

parasympathetic

27
Q

What is gastrin secreted by?

A

By gastrin (G) cells in pyloric glands

28
Q

What are the two forms of gastrin?

A

G-34 and G-17 (more abundant)

29
Q

The release of gastrin is in response to what?

A

To the presence of protein in pylorus

30
Q

Gastrin in the pylorus causes what?

A

enterochromaffin-like cells to release histamine

31
Q

What does the presence of histamine cause?

A

The secretion of HCl

32
Q

What are the phases of gastric secretions?

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

33
Q

Describe the cephalic phase

A

Via the vagus nerve and is stimulated when food is seen or smelled. Parasympathetics excite pepsin and acid production

34
Q

Describe the gastric phase

A

It is the phase when food is in the stomach
Local nervous secretory reflexes
Vagal reflexes
Gastrin-histamine stimulation

35
Q

Describe the intestinal phase

A

Feedback to the stomach in result of the material being feed to it

36
Q

HCl + NaHCO3 ->

A

NaCl + H2CO3

37
Q

What are the digestive enzymes for proteins?

A

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypolypeptidase (pancreatic secretions and by glandular cells)

38
Q

What inhibitor is secreted by the pancreas?

A

Trypsin inhibitor

39
Q

What is the purpose of trypsin inhibitor?

A

Necessary to prevent the action of trypsin on the pancreatic tissues themselves

40
Q

What are the digestive enzymes for carbohydrates?

A

Pancreatic amylase

41
Q

What are the digestive enzymes for fat?

A

Pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, phospholipase

pancreatic secretions

42
Q

How are bicarbonate ions produced for pancreatic secretion?

A

H20 + CO2 (from the blood) (involves carbonic anhydrase) ->
H2CO3 -> HCO3 + H

HCO3 + Na are actively transported into duct lumen
Hydrogen ions are exchanged for sodium ions

43
Q

What regulates pancreatic secretions?

A

Acetylcholine, cholecystokinin, secretin

44
Q

Acetylcholine for pancreatic secretion regulation comes via what?

A

Parasympathetic nerves and enteric nervous system

45
Q

Cholecystokinin release is stimulated by what?

A

Presence of food in upper intestine

46
Q

What is cholecystokinin secreted by?

A

Duodenal and upper jejunal mucosal cells

47
Q

What does the release of cholecystokinin result in?

A

Dramatic increase in secretion of pancreatic enzymes

48
Q

The release of secretin is stimulated by what?

A

Presence of acidic food in upper intestine

49
Q

What is secretin secreted by?

A

Duodenal and upper jejunal mucosal cells

50
Q

What does secretin stimulate?

A

Release of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate

51
Q

Bile is secreted continuously by what?

A

Hepatocytes in the liver

52
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

In the gallbladder until needed

53
Q

In the gallbladder, how is bile concentrated?

A

By active transport of sodium followed by secondary absorption of chloride ions, water, and other diffusible constituients

54
Q

What factors stimulate the release of bile from the gall bladder?

A

Presence of fatty food in duodenum

55
Q

How is bile salts synthesized in liver?

A

Cholesterol is converted to cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid, which are then conjugated with glycine or taurine

56
Q

What are the functions of bile salts?

A

Emulsification

Complex with lipids to form micelles for absorption across intestinal mucosa

57
Q

What are the causes of gallstones?

A

Too much absorption of water from bile
Too much absorption of bile acids from bile
Too much cholesterol in bile
Inflammation of eptihelium

58
Q

What are the main cell types that make up crypt of Lieberkuhn?

A

Goblet cells

enterocytes

59
Q

List the secretions of Paneth cells

A

?

60
Q

Describe condensation reactions

A

Used to remove hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions from building block in order to allow the bonding of monomer into polymers

61
Q

Describe hydrolysis

A

Incorporating water molecules in such as a way that polymers are broken down into monomers

Physiology II Test II - Jourdan (6 decks)

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