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Gastrointestinal Surgery > GI pathology > Flashcards

GI pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what organism causes amoebic abscess?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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2
Q

What oraganism causes hyatid cysts?

A

echinococcus

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3
Q

what investigation is used for staging of oesophageal cancers?

A

Endoscopic Ultrasound and PET-CT

staging laparoscopy only if involving GOJ

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4
Q

what is the genetic defect in lynch syndrome?

A

Defect in DNA mismatch repair genes

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5
Q

which cancers are those with lynch syndrome at risk of?

A

Endometrial
Colorectal
Gastric

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6
Q

what characterises a ‘high risk’ finding at colonoscopy warranting a further colonoscopy at 3 years?

A

2 pre malignant polyp including 1 advanced polyp
or
5 premalignant polyps

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7
Q

what gene is affected in cowden disease?

A

PTEN gene

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8
Q

what type of polyps occur in cowden disease?

A

Harmatomas

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9
Q

what extra colonic features are present in gardeners syndrome?

A 
Epidermoid cysts
Fibromas
Desmoid tumours
Osteomas
Thyroid cancer
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10
Q

where else in the GI tract are those with FAP vulnerable to polyps?

A 
Gastric fundal polyps (50%)
Duodenal polyps (90%).
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11
Q

what are the key genetic changes in colorectal cancer?

A

APC
C-myc
KRAS
p53

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12
Q

how are rectal cancers managed surgically?

A

APER - lower 1/3, <8cm from the anal verge

Anterior resection - upper 2/3

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13
Q

which rectal cancers do not require neoadjuvant radiotherapy?

A

T1/T2/T3 N0

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14
Q

what agents can be given to reduce endotoxaemia in surgery for pancreatic cancer?

A

Lactulose

Mannitol

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15
Q

what is the best management in metastatic pancreatic cancer?

A

ERCP + stent +/- palliative chemo

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16
Q

with which genetic disease are insulinomas associated with?

17
Q

what are the typical laboratory findings in insuinomas?

A

raised insulin, raised pro insulin, raised c peptide

18
Q

are insulinomas benign or malignant?

A

90% benign.

19
Q

what is the standard treatment for benign insulinomas?

A

Enucleation

20
Q

what is the dermatological association with glucagonoma?

A

Necrolytic migratory erythema

21
Q

are glucagonomas usually malignant or benign?

A

Malignant

usually non resectable

22
Q

what is the classic pentad of somatostatinomas?

A 
Diabetes
Cholelithiasis
Weight loss
Steatorrhoea and diarrhoea
hypochlorydia and achloydia.
23
Q

what are the options for treating oesophageal varices?

A

banding
sclerotherapy
sengstaken-blackmore tube

24
Q

which carcinogen is associated with angiosarcoma of the liver?

A

Vinyl chloride

25
which carcinogen is associated with bladder cancer?
B-napthylamine
26
which carcinogen is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
alfatoxin - peanuts
27
what is the 1st line management of gastric MALT?
H.pylori eradication
28
what is a dieulafoy lesion?
single large tortuous arteriole in the sub mucosa of the stomach cause of GI bleeding
29
what is mirizzi syndrome?
common hepatic duct obstruction caused by extrinsic compression from an impacted stone in the cystic duct or infundibulum of the gallbladder
30
when do pancreatic pseudocysts usually form after an episode of pancreatitis?
>4 weeks
31
which type of laser is commonly used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease at endoscopy?
Argon beam
32
at what day does a burst abdomen following a laparotomy commonly occur?
Day 6
33
which condition can cause an anal fissure but is not causative of pruritus ani?
tuberculosis
34
what is the triad of symptoms in gastric volvulus?
Widespread epigastric pain Retching but no vomiting Inability to pass NGT
35
which structure is routinely divided during oesophagectomy?
azygous vein
36
is transmural inflammation a feature of UC or crohns?
Crohns
37
is contagious inflammation a feature of UC or crohns?
UC
38
where in the GI tract is bicarbonate produced?
Brunners gland, small intestine

Gastrointestinal Surgery (3 decks)

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