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xray pathology > GI pathology > Flashcards

GI pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what structures must be seen on an abdo x-ray?

A

lumbar spine and its transverse processes, liver, kidneys, psoas muscles

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2
Q

what kVp is used for adequate penetration of dense barium in GI studies?

A

120kVp

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3
Q

what kVp is used for penetration of double-contrast GI studies?

A

90-100kVp

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4
Q

what is achalasia?

A

obstruction if the distal section of the esophagus with proximal dilation caused by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter.

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5
Q

what is anemia?

A

decrease in the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in peripheral blood

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6
Q

what does anemia do to respiration and heart beats?

A
  • increased respiratory rate (to meet body’s need for oxygen)
  • heart beats more rapidly
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7
Q

what is ascites?

A

Ascites develops because of a combination of albumin deficiency and increased pressure within obstructed veins, which permits fluid to leak into the abdominal cavity.

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8
Q

how does ascites appear on x ray?

A

Large amounts of ascitic fluid are easily detectable on plain abdominal radiographs
as a general abdominal haziness (ground-glass appearance)

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9
Q

does ascites call for a raise or decrease in technical factors?

A

increase

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10
Q

does bowel obstruction call for an increase or decrease in technical factors?

A

decrease

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11
Q

what is the reason for 75% of all small bowel obstructions?

A

fibrous adhesions caused by previous surgery or peritonitis

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12
Q

would a hernia of the inguinal, femoral, umbilical, or incisional areas result in a small bowel obstruction?

A

yee, this is the 2nd most common cause of small bowel obstructions

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13
Q

how does a small bowel obstruction look in xray?

A

on upright xray or decub = interface between gas and fluid forms a straight horizontal margin.

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14
Q

if there is a point of dilated bowel, where would the obstruction be seen?

A

below the point of dilation

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15
Q

what procedure can be performed if abdomen xrays are insufficient to distinguish between small and large bowel obstruction?

A

barium enema can be performed for ruling out LARGE BOWEL OBSTRUCTION.

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16
Q

how can barium be administered to visualize a small bowel obstruction?

A

retrograde: barium enema
antegrade: mouth

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17
Q

what is the best contrast to use for demonstrating the site of a small bowel obstruction ?

A

barium

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18
Q

what is the image appearance of cancer of the stomach?

A

stimulates intense fibrosis which begins near the pylorus and progresses slowly upward.

large polypoid mass. if there is irregularities and ulcers in this mass, it is a sign of malignancy

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19
Q

what is the area that is least involved in cancer of the stomach?

A

fundus.

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20
Q

how does gastric carcinoma look on CT?

A

thickening of gastric wall or intraluminal mass

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21
Q

what can be determined in gastric carcinoma on CT?

A
  • staging
  • planning treatment
  • assessing response of therapy
  • detecting tumor recurrence
22
Q

what is cholelithiasis?

A

gallstones

23
Q

are cholesterol stones radiopaque?

A

no, radiolucent. this is why most gallstones are only visible on contrast exams.

24
Q

what is the mercedez sign in gallstones? how is it formed?

A

its when the gallstones are nonopaque, they sometimes contain gas-filled fissures that produce the mercedez sign.

25
Q

what is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

26
Q

what is cirrhosis of the liver?

A

chronic destruction of the liver cells and structure, fibrosis, end-stage liver disease.

27
Q

what is the major cause of cirrhosis of liver?

A

alcoholism

28
Q

what happens to the liver during cirrhosis?

A

fibrous connective tissue replaces the destroyed liver cells with cells that have no liver cell function.

29
Q

does the liver get bigger or smaller with cirrhosis?

A

it actually increases in size initially because of regeneration, but eventually becomes smaller as the fibrous connective tissue contracts

30
Q

does alcoholic cirrhosis cause a large amount of fat accumulation in the liver?

A

yes

31
Q

which modality will show the fatty liver the best? how will it appear in comparison to the spleen?

A

CT

will be darker than the spleen because of the fat build up. it is usually brighter than the spleen.

32
Q

how will the portal veins be seen on a CT of a fatty liver?

A

high density in comparison to the fatty liver. usually they are low density.

33
Q

what is the most characteristic symptom of cirrhosis?

A

ascites

34
Q

what is the xray sign of ascites?

A

ground glass appearance.

35
Q

where do half of colon cancers occur?

A

rectum and sigmoid. can be felt by rectal exam or seen with sigmoidoscope.

36
Q

are peduncled polyps usually malignant?

A

no, sessile (no stalk) usually are.

37
Q

what is the radiographic appearance of annular cancer of the sigmoid colon?

A

apple-core lesion.

38
Q

what is the modality of choice for staging colon cancer and assessing tumor recurrence?

A

CT virtual colonoscopy.

39
Q

what does 70% of large bowel obstruction result from?

A

primary colonic carcinoma.

40
Q

what is the major danger of colonic obstruction?

A

perforation

41
Q

what is crohns disease and where is it found?

A

regional enteritis in small bowel. in terminal area of ileum usually but can affect any part of the GI tract.

42
Q

what are skip areas in crohns disease?

A

inflammatory process is discontinuous, diseased segments of bowel separated by healthy portions

43
Q

what is the radiographic appearance of crohns disease?

A

rough cobble stone appearance caused by ulcerations

rigid segment of small bowel where mucosal pattern is lost shows a string sign.

44
Q

hallmark of chronic crohns disease?

A

fistula formation

45
Q

what is esophageal atresia?

A

discontinuation in the esophagus

46
Q

when a person that is older than 40 years old has dysphagia, what must be assumed until proven otherwise?

A

that it is caused by cancer

47
Q

where does esophageal cancer mostly occur?

A

at esophagogastric junction

48
Q

what are esophageal varices?

A

dilated veins in the wall of the esophagus that are most commonly the result of increased pressure in the portal venous system

49
Q

what is the radiographic appearance of esophageal varices?

A

rosary beads. because of the filling defects

50
Q

what causes esophageal varices?

A

portal hypertension

51
Q

what is intussusception?

A

telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another because of peristalsis.

xray pathology (3 decks)

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