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3rd Yr 1 Semester > GI (OSPE - Embryology) > Flashcards

GI (OSPE - Embryology) Flashcards

1
Q

At which level does the esophagus begin?

A

The esophagus begins at the 6th cervical vertebra.

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2
Q

At which level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

At the 10th thoracic vertebra.

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3
Q

How many cms/inches does the esophagus descend In the abdomen?

A

About 0.5 in. (1.3 cm).

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4
Q

At which level is 1st constriction of the esophagus?

A

1st constriction of the esophagus is at C6.

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5
Q

Due to what structures there is a 2nd constriction in esophagus?

A

due to the surrounding structures: 1. Aortic arch. 2. Lf Main Bronchus.

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6
Q

What are the consequences of drinking a caustic fluid?

A

Inflammation and further constriction.

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7
Q

What is the arterial blood Supply to the upper 1/3, middle 1/3, and lower 1/3 of the esophagus?

A
  • Upper 1/3: the inferior thyroid artery. - Middle 1/3: branches of descending thoracic aorta. - Lower 1/3: by branches from the left gastric artery.
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8
Q

What is the Venous drainage to the upper 1/3, middle 1/3, and lower 1/3 of the esophagus?

A
  • Upper 1/3: the inferior thyroid vein. - Middle 1/3: azygos vein. - Lower 1/3: by branches from the left gastric vein.
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9
Q

What is the nerve Supply of the Esophagus?

A

الـ Sympathetic Trunk وتفرع من الـ Parasympathetic اللي ھو الـvagus یسون Branches ثم تجتمع كشبكة وھالـ Branches في منطقة الـThorax و الـAbdomen وتسوي Esophageal nerve plexus.

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10
Q

What esophageal tributaries anastomoses? and both of the tributaries drain into what vein?

A

the esophageal tributaries of the azygos veins (systemic veins) anastomose with the esophageal tributaries of the left gastric vein which drains into the portal vein.

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11
Q

What can happen to a patient with Portal hypertension?

A

The blood can’t be drained into the IVC. The tributers dilate due to excessive blood then with pressure on the tributers it will eventually rupture, causing blood to go-to the esophagus making the patient vomit blood. (hematemesis).

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12
Q

where is the site of the stomach?

A

In the left hypOchondrium, the epigastric and umbilical regions.

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13
Q

What are the Two openings, two curvatures, and two surfaces of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardiac and pyloric orifices. 2. Greater and lesser curvatures. 3. Anterior and posterior surface.
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14
Q

What is the disadvantage of the Cardiac orifice to only have an physiological sphincter?

A

Due to cardiac sphincher not being an anatomical sphicher, HCl can go through the opening causing a heartburn.

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of Great omentum and what are they attached to?

A
  1. Gastrophrenic ligament. (from the fundus to the diaphragm) 2. Gastrosplenic ligament. (from the upper part of the greater curvature to the spleen.) 3. Gastrocolic ligament. (from the lower part of the greater curvature to the transverse colon.)
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16
Q

What is the anterior relations of the stomach

A
  1. Anterior abdominal wall. 2. left costal margin. 3. left pleura and lung. 4. diaphragm. 5. left lobe of the liver.
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17
Q

What is the posterior relations of the stomach?

A
  • Lesser sac. - Transverse colon & Transverse Mesocolon. - Spleen & Splenic artery. - Lf Kidney & Lf Suprarenal gland. - Pancreas & Diaphram. 
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18
Q

What is the arterial supply of stomach?

A
  1. Left gastric artery (celiac artery) 2. Right gastric artery (hepatic artery) 3. Short gastric arteries (splenic artery) 4. Left gastroepiploic artery (splenic artery) 5. Right gastroepiploic artery (gastroduodenal branch of the hepatic artery)
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19
Q

Whar is the venous drainage of the stomach? and where do they drain into?

A

The veins drain into the portal circulation. 1. The left and right gastric veins. 2. The short gastric veins and the left gastroepiploic veins 3. The right gastroepiploic vein.

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20
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the stomach?

A

The lymph vessels follow the arteries to end into the celiac nodes located around the root of the celiac artery on the posterior abdominal wall.

21
Q

What is the nerve supply of the stomach?

A

Sympathetic fibers (celiac plexus) and parasympathetic fibers (right and left vagus nerves)

22
Q

What does the endoderm forms in the intraembryonic life regarding the GIT?

A

The epithelial lining: mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa

23
Q

What does the mesenchyme (Mesoderm) forms in rhe intraembryonic life regarding the GIT?

A

Forms the surrounding muscles and serous coat.

24
Q

At what part of yolk sac does the esophagus develops from? and from where does it extend?

A
  • foregut - laryngeotracheal groove
25
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Atresia with distal fistula.

26
Q

What are the stages of Stomach development?

A
  1. It starts as a tube just like the esophagus. (midline) 2. Dilates and becomes a fusiform shape. 3. The dorsal border dilates more. (J shape) 4. Rotates 90 to the RIGHT. 5. The surfaces of the stomach was Rt and Lf and after the Ventral mesentery rotates left and becomes lesser momentum and the dorsal mesentery becomes greater momentum the surfaces becomes Ant and Post.
27
Q

what is the clinical disease in this image?

A

Congenital hypertophic pyloric stenosis.

The pyloric sphincter muscles are thicker than normal that it completely closes the sphincher!

The baby will drink milk and due to the closure, it’ll fills the stomach till he vomits it all in around 24hrs. Surgical: open the stenosis.

28
Q

What is the length of the duodenum?

A

25cm/10in.

29
Q

What is the junction that lies between the caudal portion of the foregut and the proximal part of midgut?

A

Major duodenal papilla

30
Q

To what degree does the duodenum rotates? and to what direction?

A

The C- shaped loop (duodenum) rotates 90 to the right (with stomach).

31
Q

What are the stages of the duodenum development?

A
  1. Rotates 90 RIGHT. 2. The ventral mesentery that held the duodenum degenerates. (Duodenum doesn’t have a peritoneum from behind! only from the front=retroperitoneal). 3. The RIGHT layer of the dorsal mesentery degenerates.
32
Q

What are the stages of the liver development?

A
  1. An entodermal hepatic diverticulum develops from the ventral wall of the duodenal loop. 2. The hepatic diverticulum grows ventral and cranial to enter the ventral mesentry. 3. It divides into 2 parts: pars hepatica and pars cystica. 4. Pars hepatica form common hepatic duct. It divides into right and left hepatic duct. The cranial end of hepatic ducts divides to form liver cells. The stroma is derived from the ventral mesentry.
33
Q

What are the stages of the pancreas development?

A
  1. It develops from 2 buds: - Dorsal pancreatic bud: from dorsal wall of the duodenum - Ventral pancreatic bud: from proximal end of hepatic diverticulum 2. The 2 buds come close together in the concavity of duodenum 3. The dorsal bud elongates faster head (upper part) ,neck, body, and tail. (NBT). 4. Ventral bud grow slower and makes the head (lower part) and uncinate process.
34
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Annular pancreas

35
Q

What are the stages of pancreas development? and explain each?

A
  1. 2 pancreatic buds (dorsal bud from dorsal wall of the duodenum and ventral bud from the proximal end of hepatic diverticulum).
  2. With the rotation of the duodenum and the ventral mesentery, the ventral pancreatic bud becomes under the dorsal pancreatic bud. (2 buds come close together in the concavity of duodenum)
  3. The dorsal pancreatic bud. (becomes way bigger than the one that came from the ventral).
36
Q

What are the stages of the rectum and anal canal development?

A
  1. The cloaca is the dilated caudal part of the hindgut. 2. The cloaca is divided by the urorectal septum (mesoderm) into: - Ventral part called primitive urogenital sinus. - Dorsal part called anorectal canal. - The anorectal canal gives rise to the mucosa of rectum and upper 1⁄2 of anal canal - The lower 1⁄2 of anal canal develops from ectodermal depression called proctodeum.
37
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Omphalocele

38
Q

What does this image represent?

A

vitelline cyst

39
Q

What does this image represent?

A

vitelline fistula

40
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Imperforate anus

41
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Atresia of rectum

42
Q

What does this image represents?

A

Recto-bladder fistula

43
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Recto-vaginal fistula

44
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Stenosis of the esophagus

45
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Atresia with double fistula.

46
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Atresia with proximal fistula.

47
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Atresia.

48
Q

What does this image represent?

A

fistula.

49
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Recto-urethral fistula

3rd Yr 1 Semester (5 decks)

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