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Pathophys II MHM - Exam 1 > GI Module 3B > Flashcards

GI Module 3B Flashcards

1
Q

What is infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A
  • Congenital narrowing of pylorus
  • Infant at 2-3 wks begins to vomit for no apparent reason
  • Hormones to allergic reactions MAY be a cause
  • Tx is pyloromyotomy
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2
Q

What is an adult pyloric obstruction?

A
  • Aka gastric outlet obstruction

- Usually caused by severe peptic ulcer or tumor in area

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3
Q

What are adhesions?

A
  • Mechanical intestinal obstruction
  • Fibrous scar tissue adheres to intestinal loops
  • Common complication of abdominal surgeries
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4
Q

What is a herniation?

A
  • Mechanical intestinal obstruction

- Intestine protrudes through abdominal wall

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5
Q

What is an intussusception?

A
  • Mechanical intestinal obstruction
  • Telescoping of 1 part of an intestine on another portion
  • MC in ileocecal area
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6
Q

What is the MC bowel obstruction in infants/young children?

A

Intussusception

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7
Q

What is a volvulus?

A
  • Mechanical intestinal obstruction
  • Intestine twists upon itself (torsion)
  • MC in LI in elderly population
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8
Q

What is the MC cause of LI obstructions?

A

Colon/rectal cancer

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9
Q

What is a paralytic ileus?

A
  • Functional intestinal obstruction

- Obstruction that results when peristalsis stops

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10
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

A
  • Megacolon
  • Birth defect (ganglion cells of colon fail to develop)
  • Causes 25% of all infant obstructions
  • Impaired motility of colon
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11
Q

What are the types of Hirschsprung’s disease?

A
  • Short Segment (rectosigmoid colon, milder)

- Long Segment (regions proximal to rectosigmoid as well)

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12
Q

What is IBD?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory disease that damages/ulcerates GI tract
  • Abnormal response to immune system
  • Two forms (Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis)
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13
Q

Crohn’s disease location

A
  • Can affect any part of GI tract

- Though commonly at terminal end of ileum and in cecum of LI

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14
Q

When is the peak onset of Crohn’s? Males or females?

A

15-25 yo

Females more than males

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15
Q

Pathophys of Crohn’s

A
  • Inflammation extends through all layers of intestinal wall

- Chronic granulomatous inflammation

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16
Q

What are skip lesions?

A

2 or more inflamed areas in Crohn’s with healthy bowel in between

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17
Q

What is a stricturoplasty?

A

Surgical tx option for chronic narrowing of intestinal lumen

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18
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory disease that affects LI
  • Inflammation extends to mucosa ONLY
  • Always involves rectum
19
Q

What are the different regional patterns of LI in ulcerative colitis?

A
  • Ulcerative proctitis (distal 12 cm of colon)
  • Proctosigmoiditis (rectum to splenic flexure)
  • Pancolitis (rectum to cecum, “everything”)
20
Q

What is a total colectomy and ileorectal anastamosis?

A
  • Colon is removed except last 5 inches of rectum

- SI is then surgically joined to upper rectum

21
Q

What is a colectomy with ileoanal pouch?

A
  • Aka restorative proctocolectomy
  • Colon and rectum removed
  • “New rectum” is made from SI and attached to anal canal
  • Sometimes an ileostomy is created and then closed later on
22
Q

What is an ileostomy (or stoma)?

A
  • Temporary opening in abdomen

- After operation has healed, it is closed to restore normal bowel function

23
Q

What is a proctocolectomy and ileostomy?

A
  • Both colon and rectum removed
  • Permanent ileostomy
  • Recommended for pts with rectal cancer or who cannot have other operations
24
Q

Is obstruction MC in Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis?

A

Crohn’s

25
Q

Are abscesses and fistulas MC in Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis?

A

Crohn’s

26
Q

Are bloody stools MC in Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis?

A

Ulcerative colitis

27
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A
  • Weakening of intestinal wall
  • Out pockets created
  • 85% pts are asymp
28
Q

Where are diverticuli MC found?

A

Sigmoid colon

29
Q

How to treat diverticulosis?

A
  • High fiber diet

- Avoid high residue foods (seeds, corn, nuts)

30
Q

What is diverticulitis?

A
  • Inflammation of colonic diverticula
  • Impacted w/fecal material
  • Perforations d/t inflammation
31
Q

What is simple diverticulitis?

A

Inflammation is contained in intestinal wall

32
Q

What is complicated diverticulitis?

A

Inflammation penetrates into peritoneal space

33
Q

How do most colorectal cancers develop?

A

From adenomatous (glandular) polyp

34
Q

What is the screening tool for colorectal cancer?

A

Colonoscopy

35
Q

Which is more thorough - colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy?

A

Colonoscopy

36
Q

What is hepatitis and what is its pathology?

A
  • Inflammation of the liver
  • Virus or agent
  • Kupffer cell hyperplasia
37
Q

What is fulminating hepatitis?

A
  • Rare complication of hepatitis

- Massive hepatic cell death and liver failure

38
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A
  • Irreversible inflammatory condition of liver

- Hepatic cell death causes diffuse scarring of liver

39
Q

What is the pathology of cirrhosis?

A
  • Dependent on cause
  • Hepatic tissue becomes nodular and fibrotic
  • Liver may expand or shrink in size
40
Q

What is alcoholic cirrhosis?

A
  • Enlarged liver

- Initially fatty accumulation in hepatocytes (reversible)

41
Q

How does the chronic metabolism of alcohol cause cirrhosis?

A
  • Produces acetaldehyde which disrupts hepatocyte function/metabolism
  • Inflammatory response and necrosis
  • Fibrotic accumulation/scarring
42
Q

Define fatty liver, fibrosis, and cirrhosis in terms of reversibility

A

Fatty liver = reversible
Fibrosis = reversible w/scarring
Cirrhosis = irreversible

43
Q

What is primary biliary cirrhosis?

A
  • Autoimmune disease

- Attacks small intrahepatic bile ducts

44
Q

What is secondary biliary cirrhosis?

A
  • Chronic obstruction of biliary flow

- Leads to fibrotic changes

Pathophys II MHM - Exam 1 (9 decks)

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