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DT IV > GI Makenzie > Flashcards

GI Makenzie Flashcards

1
Q

esophageal adenocarcinoma

A

lower esophagus

most due to Barrett’s

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2
Q

tuberous sclerosis

A

any age with rectal hamartomas and extra gastrointestinal benign tumorous lesions.

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3
Q

FAP RM

A

obstruction of ampulla of Vater

Gardner Sx, Turcot Sx

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4
Q

atresia

A

thin, non-canaliculized, with blind pouch

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5
Q

Secondary achalasia

A

Chaga’s disease (T. cruzi destroys myenteric plexus)

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6
Q

vit A deficiency in lungs

A

squamous metaplasia

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7
Q

River blindness dx

A

nodules: adult worms
eye: microfilariae

Mazzotti test–> DEC causes intense itching

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8
Q

C. parvus infection settings

A

endemic kids diarrhea in 3rd world; traveler’s diarrhea; AIDS; swimming pools/city water outbreaks

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9
Q

TEF clinical

A

regurgitation, nowhere for food to go —> aspiration —> pneumonia

GERD and esophagitis

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10
Q

2 lbs loss per week is a cut of how many calories

A

500 kcal

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11
Q

pANCA- / ASCA +

A

Crohn’s

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12
Q

esophagitis

A

epithelial damage and inflammation due to GERD

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13
Q

trichomoniasis

A

STD flagella protozoa NEVER in intestines*

itching, painful intercourse, yello-green frothy discharge

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14
Q

PPI use

A

Best for Peptic Ulcers and GERD

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15
Q

pedunculated tubular adenoma

A

a ball-like nodule on the end of along stalk allowing it to move around in the colon lumen, cause intermittent obstruction depending on location, as well as subjecting it to trauma, ulceration, and hemorrhage

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16
Q

CRONKHITE-CANADA SYNDROME

A

non-hereditary

older persons associated with colonic hamartomas and generative changes in the integumental and hematologic systems.

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17
Q

sucralfate MOA

A

*at pH less than 4, forms a gel

binds both GI epithelial cells and ulcer craters to form a protective barrier against acid and stimulates PGE2 production

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18
Q

E. multilocularis

A

cold weather, rodent-canine-human

alveolar

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19
Q

GERD histo

A

severity of sx not related to severity of histo

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20
Q

giardia trophozoite

A

pear shaped, 2 nuclei “eyes” and ventral adhesive sucking disc

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21
Q

Cachexia

A

2nd PEM due to AIDS/advanced Cancer

due to inc TNF, IL-1, IL-6

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22
Q

bulimia pulmonary aspiration complications

A

recurrent pneumonia

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23
Q

TEF tx

A

surgery immediately after birth, incompatible with life otherwise

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24
Q

adenocarcinoma clinical

A

2nd most common

extracellular mucin = dead

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25
Q

River Blindness clinical

A

intense itching, lizard skin, hanging groin, skin nodules

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26
Q

Filariasis

A

infection with microfila of Wuchereria and Brugia by mosquito

tropical regions (pacific islands)

elephantitis –> trapped in lymph nodes, induces swelling

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27
Q

PEM evaluation

A

malnutrition in kids: when weight falls to less than 80% of normal weight;
BMI less than 16, fat stores–>skin folds, m. mass–> circumference of arm; serum protein (reflects visceral protein cmptment)

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28
Q

amebic pulmonary disease

A

liver abscess ruptures thru diaphragm

pleuritic pain, RUQ pain, brown sputum, SOB

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29
Q

biopsy criteria GERD

A

increased thickness of basal layer, increased height of papillae, inflammation w/ intraepithelial eosinophils

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30
Q

TEF types incompatible with life

A

B, D

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31
Q

causes of malnutrition

A

ignorance, poverty, alcoholism, illness, infection, dieting

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32
Q

Boerhaave sx

A

esophageal rupture

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33
Q

carditis

A

immediately distal to Z line due to H. pylori and GERD

can cause gastric cardia cancer

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34
Q

Esopha. adenocarcinoma prognostic

A

depth, lymph involvement, status of resection margins

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35
Q

naltrexone/buproprion

A

opioid antagonist/dopamine and NE agonist

black box warning: suicidal

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36
Q

death due to bulimia and anorexia nervosa

A

cardiac dysfunction due to hypokalemia

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37
Q

crypto dx

A

Kinyoun acid-fast stain

oocysts appear as little red circles

EIA better

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38
Q

lansoprazole

A

approved for use of NSAID ulcers in patients who MUST stay on NSAIDS

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39
Q

amebic microscopy

A

stool O&P x3

gliding motion with pseudopod

Charcot-Leyden crystals

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40
Q

isospora belli

A

human host only
AIDS, MSM

acute non bloody diarrhea with *eosinophilia and charcot-leyden

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41
Q

quadruple therapy

A

(PPI OR H2RA) + metrodinazole + bismuth + tetracycline

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42
Q

Surgical weight loss candidattes

A

BMI at/above 25 w/ comorbidities

BMI over 40

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43
Q

allergic esophagitis

A

resembles GERD,but no acidic pH and doesn’t respond to antireflux therapy

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44
Q

amphetamine like weight loss drugs CI

A

HTN/ CVD

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45
Q

giardia recurrence

A

diarrhea + fatigue

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46
Q

colon clinical workup

A

decreasing MCV, iron levels, FOBT, endoscopy

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47
Q

Balantidium coli

A

only ciliate infection in humans

largest intestinal protozoa in humans

transmitted thru pigs

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48
Q

docusates and castor oil

A

surfactants

lower surface tension of stool, wetting and emulsifying agents

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49
Q

TEF most common form

A

Type C: upper esophagus ends in blind pouch and lower esophagus connected to trachea

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50
Q

PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME

A

in adolescents associated with hamartomatous polyps throughout the GI tract and with a significant risk for many malignancies.

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51
Q

trauma eval

A

IV contrast CT

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52
Q

kwashiorkor liver histology

A

fatty changes (lipid vacuoles are holes in cell’s cytoplasm)

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53
Q

Thrush

A

gray-white plaques due to candida

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54
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

metaplasia of columnar epithelium due to chronic GERD

adenocarcinoma in 40-60yo white men

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55
Q

villous atrophy

A

loss of microvilli and villi in GI due to kwashiorkor

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56
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

continuous colonic involvement, beginning in rectum w/ pseudopolyps and ulcer

defects in MPP9

*confined above muscularis mucosa

smoking is protective**

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57
Q

Hydatid disease

A

Echinococcosis “sheep-dog-human”

sheep herders*

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58
Q

Chinese liver fluke

A

clonorchiasis/opsithorchiaisis

C. sinesis–> major Asian countries
O. vivernni–> Thailand, Laos, Vitenam

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59
Q

Guinea worm dx and tx

A

adult worm penetrating out of skin on lower leg

role it daily until whole worm extracted (its massive so can take weeks)…. DO NOT DO IT FAST

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60
Q

intramucosal adenocarcinoma

A

invades lamina, not barrett’s related

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61
Q

GERD

A

reflux into LES, caused by everything good into the world

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62
Q

Chyluria

A

lymph fluid and emulsified fat in urine due to filariasis

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63
Q

sliding hiatal hernia

A

most common, protrusion of stomach above diaphragm creates bell-shaped dilation

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64
Q

Schatzki ring

A

lower esophagus, gastric epithelium undersurface

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65
Q

inflammatory polyps

A

Generally associated with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, this reactive lesion has no known risk for malignant transformation

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66
Q

Granulomatous Amoebic encephalitis (GAE)

A

acanthamoeba infection

hematogenous spread thru skin and eyes

fatal

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67
Q

Web

A

upper esophageal
5mm protrusion, vascularized fibrous tissue core

episodic dysphagia with “bolting” of solid food

radiotherapy

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68
Q

giardia cyst

A

smooth walled, highly refractile with 2-4 nuclei

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69
Q

chronic vit A toxicity

A

anorexia, bone fractures, joint pain, weight loss

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70
Q

cryptosporoidium parvus

A

fecal-oral route P2P OR preweaned calves

chlorine resistant

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71
Q

S. mansoni

A

Puerto rico, large intestine, oval eggs with prominent lateral spine (stool)*

“Man-Snail-Man”

free-swimming cercariae (larva) penetrate human go into lung and liver

miracidium (egg/primary larva) infect snail and rlsd as cercariae

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72
Q

Guinea worm special thing

A

WILL BE ERADICATED…. WITHOUT MEDICINE OR VACCINE—> PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY ONLY

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73
Q

intestinal coccidial infection

A

only infects AIDS

severe, protracted diarrhea

cryptosporidium, isospora, cyclospora

sarcocystis

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74
Q

giardia dx

A

several weeks into trip OR after coming back

immunofluorescence

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75
Q

bone marrow in malnourished child is

A

hypocellular

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76
Q

Bisacodyl

A

stimulant of mucosal water and electrolyte secretion

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77
Q

vitamin A stored where

A

liver

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78
Q

eosinophilic esophagitis

A

YOUNG white males (kids)

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79
Q

Mg(OH2) ADR

A

diarrhea

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80
Q

Katayama Fever

A

first infection with S. mansoni

ACUTE typhoid-like illness

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81
Q

esophageal stenosis

A

fibrous thickening of submucosa w/ atrophy of the muscularis

due to: scarring, reflux, radiation, scleroderma, lye ingestion

sx: progressive dysphagia

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82
Q

(neuro)Cysticerosis

A

T. solium only

infect brain and form cysts, causes mental changes and seizures

if you see a question on a migrant worker with above sx….*

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83
Q

what binds retinol in blood?

A

retinol blinding protein

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84
Q

ectopic tissues

A

postcricoid region, circular red-orange flat area (“inlet patch”)

may ulcerate, contains cardiac-fundic glands

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85
Q

H2RA use

A

nocturnal acid secretion bc ONLY basal pumps

ulcers, GERD,

Zollinger-Ellison, acute stress

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86
Q

Vit A functions

A

epithelial growth and differentiation, FA metabolism, maintenance of immune system and normal vision

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87
Q

Marasmus

A

loss of somatic compartment (skeletal muscle) serum protein normal

anemia, “shrunken old person”, diminished subq fat, growth retardation, inc infections

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88
Q

pancreatic heterotopia (ectopic pancreatic)

A

ductal carcinoma possible

NOT Barrett’s esophagus

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89
Q

bulimia

A

amenorrhea, arrhythmia (hypokalemia), pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents, esophageal and gastric rupture

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90
Q

tubular adenoma

A

greater than 50% of older population

low grade dysplasia

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91
Q

vitamin A deficiency diseases

A

celiac disease, mineral oil, gastric bypass, IBS

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92
Q

River Blindness

A

Onchocericiasis

Simulium flies transmit at FAST MOVING streams in TROPICAL AFRICA

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93
Q

dog tapeworm

A

d. caninum

thru fleas, “cucumber seeds” around anus

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94
Q

reactive arthritis

A

rare giardia SE

the large joints

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95
Q

antacid and drug interactions

A

DEC bioavailablity of most drugs

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96
Q

biliary diversion with duodenal switch

A

diarrhea and foul smelling gas, long recovery, lots of money

largest BMI lost, but Greatest complication rate

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97
Q

pANCA+/ASCA-

A

Ulcerative colitis

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98
Q

Cowden Syndrome

A

in children and adolescents associated with colonic hamartomas as well as * extra gastrointestinal benign and malignant tumors.*

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99
Q

esophageal congential disorders

A

usually connected with a cardiac abnormality

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100
Q

roux en Y bypass

A

second best loss, but highest mortality

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101
Q

who is eligible for weight loss meds?

A

BMI over 30

BMI over 27 with other disease (i.e DM)

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102
Q

Orlistat

A

rx of Alli; malasorb fat (lipase inhibitor)

severe liver impairment and death*

can use in patients with HTN/CVD

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103
Q

Cancer in barium swallow

A

apple core appearance

104
Q

protein deprivation is greater than reduction in calories

A

kwashiokor

105
Q

what causes food disorder amenorrhea

A

low levels of GnRH

106
Q

colon neoplasm lessons learned

A
  • malignant tumors may only appear late in course, especially those in the cecum
  • do serial FOCT
  • stage doesn’t equal biologic potential
107
Q

Juvenile polyp clinical

A

hereditary

rectal bleeding, digital clubbing, anemia*

108
Q

achalasia sx/tx

A

megaesophagus (dilation above LES); SCC

esophagomyotomy and dilation at LES

109
Q

toxo encephalitis

A

AIDS pts due to reactivation

110
Q

misoprostol use/ ADR

A

prevention of NSAID ulcers in high risk patients

DO NOT USE IF PREGNANT, CAUSES UTERINE CONTRACTIONS

111
Q

liraglutide

A

decreases appetite thru GLP-1 agonist

  • black box warning: thyroid tumors**
  • colon CA*
112
Q

bismuth subsalicylate diarrhea

A

tx mild-moderate traveler’s diarrhea

113
Q

E. histolytica tx

A

(Metronidazole OR Tinidazole) + (Iodoquinol or paromycin)

114
Q

dientamoeba fragilis

A

flagellate, not amoeba

no cyst, only troph

transmitted in pinworm eggs and ascaris eggs

115
Q

orbera

A

highest rate of premature removal

116
Q

Bitot’s Spots

A

keratin debris

bilat, triangular, raised white plaques

117
Q

Cowden Syndrome clinical

A

only in intestines

if have more than one extra intestinal -oma, check for PTEN mutation

118
Q

Zenker’s diverticulum

A

above UES, at pharynx

common with aspiration pneumonia, neck mass

119
Q

vit A deficiency urogen

A

nephroliathiasis

hematuria, hydronephrosis

120
Q

CMV esophagitis

A

punched out mucosal ulcers

  • endothelium w/stromal cells*
  • intranuclear with clear halo and cytoplasmic granulations
121
Q

retinol carrier

A

chylomicrons

122
Q

severe GERD micro

A

neutrophils

123
Q

loperamide

A

piperidine butryamide derivative with little CNS penetration (aka.. little abuse)

124
Q

Lorcaserin

A

decreases appetite thru increasing serotonin (5HTC2 agonist)

125
Q

Abscess eval

A

oral and IV contrast CT

126
Q

hyperplastic

A

on left side of colon, no critical positives

short crypts, crowded tips
stellate outline

127
Q

name a Vit A provitamin

A

B-carotene

128
Q

Bulk-forming laxatives

dietary fibers

A

methylcellulose, calcium polycarbophil

absorb water to soften stool and increase bulk

129
Q

Gall stones

A

female, fat, forty w/ postrandial epigastric pain

on U/S: echogenic, acoustical shadowing, thick wall, pericholecystic fluid

130
Q

secondary malnutrition

A

malabsorption, storage/use, or excess loss/need

131
Q

polyp risk management

A

> 1.0 cm, increasing size, time present, increasing villous component, high grade dysplasia

132
Q

Primary Amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

A

Naegleria infection

stagnant, warm fresh water in the Southern US

fatal

133
Q

Acanthamoeba keratitis

A

ocular pain, corneal lesions

134
Q

crohn disease

A

skip lesions, transmural inflammation ulcerative fissures

defects in epithelial tight junctions and transport

transmural

135
Q

Barrett’s related dysplasia

A

esophageal adenocarcinoma

does NOT invade lamina

velvety mucosa

136
Q

PEUTZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME

clinical and tx

A

before 11yo

small intestines, oral mucosa

tx: survelliance

137
Q

(late) Vit A deficiency

A

corneal xerosis, corneal ulcers (keratomalacia)

138
Q

infectious agents esophagitis

A

IC patients or DM

Candida, HSV, CMV

139
Q

z-line

A

junction btwn squamous and columnar mucosa at G-EJ

140
Q

Giardia life cycle

A

ingestion of 10-25 cysts

trophocytes colonize duodenum and upper SI

141
Q

esophageal SCC sx

A

extreme weight loss, dysphagia, anorexia

invasion into muscularis propia

142
Q

amphetamine like weight loss drugs

A

all rls NE; decrease appetite

phentermine, diethylpropion, phendimetrazine

143
Q

opioids

A

antidiarrheal

dec gi motility, dec secretion of fluids

144
Q

Decubitus view

A

used in neonates to assess free air and perforated necrotizing enterocolitis

145
Q

antacids

A

weak bases that neutralize acid

146
Q

Giardia clinical

A

yellow foul frothy floating diarrhea* that is watery and can lead to malabsorption

incubation is 1-2 wks

147
Q

Saline laxatives (osmotic)

A

Mg salts, PO4 salts

osmotic pressure causes retain water in colon, stimulates peristalsis

148
Q

Blastocystis hominis

A

amoeba; MSM 50%

diarrhea, n/v, ab pain, decreased appetite

149
Q

protein deprivation is less than reduction in calories

A

marasmus

150
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

amenorrhea, constipation, dry skin, low albumin, hypokalemia, osteopenia, hypothyroid

151
Q

E. histolytica

A

large intestine (enteric) amebiasis

MSM STD, fecal contaminated food

invades lg intestine, liver, and brain/lung with flask-shaped cyst by trophozoite invasion

152
Q

what receptor on the liver uptakes retinol

A

ApoE receptor

153
Q

chronic alcoholism problems

A

defective GI absorption, abnormal usage and storage

thiamine, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin A

154
Q

IBD take home

A

don’t ask about diarrhea, ask about characteristics

155
Q

metoclopramide black box warning

A

tardive dyskinesia

156
Q

Guinea Worm Infection

A

Dracunculiasis

Sudan, ingestion of Cyclops crustaceans found in Step wells

larvae in Cyclops, adults in humans

157
Q

FAP

A

greater than 100

colonic carcinoma in teens-thirties

158
Q

Esophageal SCC

A

upper/middle third of esophagus

due to deficiency of vitamins, Betel nuts

159
Q

traction diverticula

A

mid-esophagus, TB or radiation

160
Q

acute vit A toxicity

A

blurred VA, HA, N/V, stupor

161
Q

villous adenoma

A

associated with fluid/electrolyte abnormality

likely to malignant

tx: segmental colectomy due to “carpet” forming

162
Q

hiatal hernia

A

separation of diaphragmatic crura and widened foramen

163
Q

Proton pump inhibitor MOA

A

—prazole NEED ACTIVATED (prodrug)

irreversibly inhibit H/K-ATPase pump in parietal cells at BOTH stimulated and basal

164
Q

Misoprostol MOA

A

analog of PGE1

dec acid secretion, inc mucus and bicarb

165
Q

chemical esophagitis

A

basic worse»>acid

transmural injury with heme, necrosis

166
Q

Guinea Worm clinical

A

blister formation in skin with itching and redness

cellulitis and septicemia

167
Q

esophageal varices death clues

A

blood stains, unusual body position

may protrude into lumen

168
Q

microsporidia clinical

A

chronic diarrhea

keratoconjuctivitis

dx: TEM

169
Q

bismuth ADR

A

black oral cavity and stool

170
Q

epiphrenic diverticula

A

immediately above LES, due to achalasia

nocturnal regurgitation, markedly inflammed

171
Q

amebic liver abcsess

A

fever and RUQ pain, abcess in RT lobe of liver

do NOT complain of concurrent bowel sx*

172
Q

sarcocysosis in human intestine

A

sexual/definitive stage

173
Q

Lung fluke life cycle

A

penetrate intestines, enter lung and become adults

cough, swallow, feces water (Cerceriae)

174
Q

SYSTEMIC Antaacid

A

NaHCO3

175
Q

H. nana

A

autoinfection, arthropod-human in infected grain

176
Q

PEM

A

inadequate dietary intake of protein and calories to meet body needs

177
Q

PAM passage

A

invades nasal mucosa, passes thru cribriform plate/olfactory nerve into brain

178
Q

River blindness tx

A

ivermectin (kills microfila)

179
Q

kwashiorkor

A

loss of visceral compartment (organs)

***normal weight

180
Q

PAM sx

A

severe frontal HA, change in smell, meningitis sx

dead w/in 3 days

181
Q

What disease mimics TB?

A

Lung fluke

182
Q

Barium swallow

A

assess for aspiration risk and sensation to aspiration

evaluate esophagus only

183
Q

HSV esophagitis

A

ulcers

multinucleated squamous cells

*Cowdry A intranuclear inclusions

184
Q

esophageal diverticula

A

out pouching of alimentary tract that includes all layers

185
Q

pseudoachalasia

A

due to a neoplasm at/near E-GJ

186
Q

Loiasis clinical

A

Calabar swelling pain, conj-itis, edema of eyelids

187
Q

megaloblastic anemia

A

Vitamin B12 deficieny due to fish worm!

boards love this

188
Q

LS versus SS Barrett’s

A

LS: extends 3+ cm from G-EJ
SS: less than 3 cm from G-EJ

189
Q

Wolbachia

A

primary cause of inflammation in river blindness

doxy tx

190
Q

micro GERD

A

eosinophils, basal cell hyperplasia, ballooned squamous cells, vasc. dilatation,

elongation of lamina propria papillae into upper 1/3 of epithelium

191
Q

exercise amount needed

A

225 min/week

192
Q

Chinese river fluke sx

A

epigastric pain, tenderness over liver, jaundice, hepatomegaly, cirrhosis

cholangiocarcinoma

193
Q

esophageal cancer spread

A

through lymphatics in submucosa

194
Q

effective weight loss %

A

5% of body weight over 3 months

195
Q

achalasia

A

“failure to relax”

lack of progressive peristalsis w/ lack of relaxation at LES with swallowing and increased LES tone

196
Q

Barrett’s micro

A

intestinal type (goblet cells)

fibrotic lamina, thickened mucosa, erosion

197
Q

castor oil

A

converted to ricinoleic acid (anionic), dec absorption and inc peristalsis

fast, and lasts for days

198
Q

Histamine H2 receptor antagonist MDR

A

–tidine

competitive

dec vol of gastric juice and H+

dec pepsin secretion

199
Q

vit C deficiency

A

fragile vessels, impaired wound healing, bone disease, pseudo-paralysis, frog-legging

200
Q

PAM/GAE tx

A

miltefosine (rarely works)

201
Q

Chinese fluke eggs

A

ovoid with operculum and knob at opposite ends

202
Q

Mallory-Weiss tear

A

longitidunal tear at G-EJ due to severe retching (alcoholics!)

tx with support, balloon tamponade (Severe)

203
Q

endobarrier

A

too unsafe, illegal in us

204
Q

River blindness life cycle

A

nematodes become adult worms in skin nodules, microfilariae rlsd into body in skin and eye

205
Q

giardia transmission

A

resistant to chlorine, need to filtrate too; city water can still be infected

board exam question

206
Q

Tapeworm

A

Taeniasis, T. solium/saginata

Human-Undercooked meat- Human

huge worms pass in stool (like 15 ft long…)

207
Q

triple therapy

A

PPI + cmycin + (metrodinazole OR amox)

208
Q

laxatives uses and abuses

A

helps with constipation, used before bowel surgery

weight loss

209
Q

bismuth subsalicylate

A

coats craters, increases mucus and bicarb, inhibits pepsin

210
Q

HAMARTOMATOUS POLYPS

A

often associated with hereditary disorders that may have serious extra-intestinal manifestations

211
Q

Filariaris dx

A

test blood AT NIGHT for microfila

filarial dance sign on U/S

212
Q

achalasia cause

A

T-cell mediated destruction of myenteric ganglion cells

213
Q

illness malnutrition

A

illnesses cause inc BMR*

214
Q

hiatal paraesophageal hernia

A

(“rolling”)

separated portion of greater curvature of stomach enters thorax through widened foramen

215
Q

Snail Fever

A

AKA Schistosomiasis AKA bilharziasis

216
Q

achalasia micro

A

absence of ganglion cells in Auerbach/myenteric plexus

collagen replaces nerves

inc in CD3 T cells

hyperplasia (resembles GERD)

217
Q

areas of high pressure

A

upper esophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus)

lower esophageal sphincter @ esophagogastric junction

218
Q

Fish worm

A

Diphyllobothiasis

fresh water, raw fish

219
Q

E. histolytica differentiating features

A

ingested RBCS

perph chromatin: fine and dispersed

Karyosome: sharp and central

Cyst nuclei: 4 or less

Cyst chromatoidal bars: rounded ends

220
Q

mineral oil

A

dec absorption of fat soluble vitamins

221
Q

hematemesis ddx

A

esophageal varices, gastritis, esophageal laceration, peptic ulcer

222
Q

Filariaris clinical

A

repeat, prolonged exposure necessary

elephantitis (obstructive stage)

223
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

AKA Giardia duodenalis; flagellate protozoa

temperate climates

waterbourne; daycare kids and MSM

beavers can transmit

224
Q

tarry stools

A

suggest upper GI bleed/stomach

225
Q

sarcocystosis

A

***2 sep. hosts necessary: carnivorous host (sexual) and herbivorous (intermediate)

226
Q

phentermine/topiramate

A

decreases appetite thru NE, GABA

227
Q

antacid and renal function

A

can have systemic toxicity if renal function decreased

228
Q

primary malnutrition

A

one or more of essential components is missing

229
Q

Calabar swelling

A

transient, painful swelling on any part of body with intense itching

230
Q

esophageal varices

A

alcoholics, hepatic schistosomiasis

dilated tortuous submucosal vessels develop due to severe portal htn –> portal shunting to azygous veins

231
Q

cyclospora

A

contaminated fresh produce (raspberries! mesclun lettuce!)

oocyst ingestinon

watery diarrhea, UV microscope (green)

232
Q

octreatide MOA and use

A

synthetic analog of somatostatin

pancreas and GI hormone secreting tumors, AIDS diarrhea

233
Q

Lung fluke

A

paragonimiasis, “man-snail-crab-man”

raw fresh water crabs, Asia

rust colored sputum, cough, SOB, chest pain

234
Q

best weight loss drug for pt with htn/dm

A

orlistat

235
Q

E. histolytica dysentery and colitis

A

recurrent ab cramping and diarrhea, bloody stool

necrotizing colitis is fatal

236
Q

trachea-esophageal fistula (TEF)

A

canalicular cnxn btwn esophagus and trachea

237
Q

sarcocysosis in human muscle

A

intermediate stage

238
Q

Chinese liver fluke life style

A

“man-snail-freshwater fish-man”

encysted larvae found in fish, mature in bile ducts, miracidia in feces

snails eat, mature to cercariae

fish eat

239
Q

metoclopramide

A

cholinergic agonist and D2antagonist

dec reflux by increasing LES pressure

240
Q

S. haematobium

A

Africa, ME; urinary bladder, bladder CA risk

eggs have terminal spine (urine)*

241
Q

microsporidia

A

obligate intracellular

infectious spores: coiled polar filament (extrusion into host)

242
Q

fetal malnutrition

A

iron deficiency if fed artificial milk

243
Q

ocular toxo

A

retinochoroiditis

244
Q

Mansonella

A

symptomless form of filariasis

245
Q

serrated adenoma

A

assoc. with FAP

sigmoid colon and rectum

adenocarcinoma greatly inc

246
Q

(early) Vit A deficiency

A

night blindness (no rods), conjunctival xerosis, Bitot’s spots, xerophthalmia

247
Q

toxoplasmosis

A

Cats

undercooked meat, litter box, transplacentally, blood transfusions*

248
Q

Chronkhite-Canada sx clinical

A

splitting of nails, vitiligo (skin pigment changes) later in disease

poor quality of life

249
Q

Non-systemic

A

CaCO3, Al or Mg OH, Al/Mg combo

250
Q

cimetidine ADR

A

inhibits cyp450, alters rate

increases toxicity of second drug*

251
Q

Al(OH2) ADR

A

constipation

252
Q

sessile tubular adenoma

A

low flat/dome shaped, broad base no stalk

253
Q

Lactulose and Mannitol (osmotic)

A

hydrolyzed to short chain FAs

osmotic pressure causes retain water in colon, stimulates colonic propulsive motility

254
Q

which diseases require a snail?

A

liver flukes, intestinal flukes, lung flukes, and schisto

255
Q

Loiasis (“eyeworm disease”)

A

Congo River Basin, *DAY biting Chrysops flies

DT IV (3 decks)

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