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LA Gastro > GI Issues in Adult Horses > Flashcards

GI Issues in Adult Horses Flashcards

1
Q

What food items are most common causes of “choke”?

A

Hay, pellets, cubes, foreign bodies (apples, potatoes), and medicinal boluses

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2
Q

Where do “choke” obstructions most commonly occur?

A

Proximal esophagus

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3
Q

What are less common pathological causes of “choke”?

A

Esophageal diverticulum, intramural esophageal cysts, tumors, abscesses, and strictures

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4
Q

What is the most important thing to do first when treating a “choke” case?

A

Sedation! It helps lower the horse’s head so that they don’t get aspiration pneumonia

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5
Q

What are clinical signs of choke?

A

Salivation, distress, extended head, nasal discharge containing feed particles.
(Can progress to lethargy/depression if secondary complications like aspiration pneumonia or esophageal rupture occurs)

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6
Q

What drugs can you use to help relax the esophagus

A

Buscopan, oxytocin, or lidocane

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7
Q

What are normal TPR values for an adult horse?

A

Temp: 99.5 - 101.5 F
HR: 28-44bpm
Resp: 10-24

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8
Q

What drugs can be used to sedate a horse?

A

Xylazine, Detomidine, Butorphanol

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9
Q

What underlying causes do you want to look for in choke cases?

A

Dental problems

For reoccuring cases - endoscopy of the esophagus

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10
Q

Is it recommended to use antibiotics in cases of choke?

A

Yes, use abx to prevent/treat aspiration pneumonia because the risk of aspiration pneumonia is high.

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11
Q

In colic cases when should you give enteral fluids?

A

In most cases except for when there is >2-3L reflux, enteral fluids is a good method of rehydration

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12
Q

What does an abdominal tap with serosanguinous fluid indicate?

A

Strangulation and likely need for Sx

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13
Q

What does an abdominal tap with cloudy brown/green fluid indicate?

A

Intestinal rupture - emergency

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14
Q

When do you want to consider leaving a nasogastric tube in place?

A

When you see more than 5L of reflux upon placing the tube

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15
Q

What are signs of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome? (EGUS)

A

Anorexia, chronic/intermittant colic, mild colic after eating

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16
Q

How do you diagnose EGUS?

A

Look at clinical signs and response to treatment, or passage of an endoscope to visualize ulcers

17
Q

What medication is used to treat gastric ulcers in horses?

A

Omeprazole is the only approved treatment

18
Q

What drug is used to control pain for horses with colic?

A

Flunixin meglamine (Banamine)

19
Q

What area of the equine GI tract is most likely to get an impaction?

A

Large ascending colon

20
Q

What two things are most likely to cause an illeal impaction?

A

Bermuda grass hay and tapeworms

21
Q

What are signs of an ileal impaction?

A

Finding distended small intestine on rectal exam, no reflux unless it has backed up for a long period of time, normal peritoneal fluid depite signs of colic.

22
Q

What are predisposing factors for cecal impaction?

A

Broodmares near parturition, horses that have recently undergone anestesia, horses that have recently been sick

23
Q

How common are illeal impactions?

A

Fairly common

24
Q

How do you diagnose a cecal impaction?

A

Palpating a distended cecum on rectal exam

25
Q

How do you treat a cecal impaction?

A

Often surgery is required. if caught early, one can try withdrawing feed, giving enteral laxatives, and IV fluids

26
Q

How common are cecal impactions?

A

Rare

27
Q

Where does a large colon impaction tend to happen?

A

Pelvic flexure

28
Q

What predisposes a horse to large colon impaction?

A

Sudden stall confinement, poor dental health, inadequate water intake (fluid is lost from colon first), ingestion of too much sand

29
Q

How do you treat a large colon impaction?

A

Give enteral fluids and electolytes with laxatives and lubricants. Prevent reoccurance by reducing sand intake (feed mats/removing horse from sandy area)

30
Q

What are signs of a large colon impaction?

A

Reduced/absent fecal output, reduced gut sounds, mild-moderate pain, variable gas distention of colon

31
Q

What are signs of a small colon impaction?

A

Fluid backup into large colon, low volume diarrhea, serosanguinous gritty feces around rectum.

32
Q

How common are small colon impactions?

A

Occurs rarely during winter months

33
Q

How do you treat a small colon impaction?

A

Use of GI relaxants and pain medication

34
Q

What are predisposing factors for enteroliths?

A

Arabian breed horses, injestion of small stones (ends up being a seed agent for enterolith to grow), high protein diet with high Mg

35
Q

How do you diagnose an enterolith?

A

Radiographs or ultrasound

36
Q

Can an enterolith be found on rectal exam?

A

Usually not

LA Gastro (2 decks)

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