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3A week 2 - lower GI tract > GI infections and microbial toxins > Flashcards

GI infections and microbial toxins Flashcards

1
Q

examples of common microbes that reside in the stomach (3)

A
  1. lactobacilli
  2. streptococci
  3. yeasts
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2
Q

examples of common microbes that reside in the small bowel (6)

A
  1. lactobacilli
  2. streptococci
  3. yeasts
  4. clostridia
  5. enterobacteriacae
  6. enterococci

if below biliary tree then it will be enterococci not strep

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3
Q

examples of common microbes that reside in the large bowel (6)

A
  1. lactobacilli
  2. enterococci
  3. protozoa (chilomastix, trichompnas)
  4. yeasts
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4
Q

what type of organisms outnumber facultative aerobes in the large bowel

A

anaerobes

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5
Q

what is gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa

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6
Q

why do pre-formed enterotoxins in bacteria on food result in very acute onset symptoms

A

the body immediately reacts to the enterotoxins -> the bacteria doesn’t have to make them once in the body so can cause damage straight away
bacteria also remain and reproduce inside the bowel

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7
Q

examples of bacteria thatcause non-inflammatory diahorrea from the proximal small bowel

A
  1. S. aureus
  2. Bacillus cereus
  3. C. botulinum
  4. enterotoxinogenic
  5. E.coli
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8
Q

what is the mgx for life threatening C.diff infection

A

ORAL vancomycin and IV metronidazole

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9
Q

what bacteria enter the mucosa of the colon/distal small bowel from the crypts (5)

A
  1. shigella
  2. salmonella
  3. campylobacter jejuni
  4. yesinia enterocolitica
  5. enteroinvasive E.coli
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10
Q

what bacteria can pentetrate the distal small bowel and result in enteric fever (3)

A
  1. salmonella typhi !
  2. Y. enterocolitica
  3. campylobacter

can lead to bacteremia and eventually result in sepsis

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11
Q

what food items can samlonella sp generally occur in (4)

A
  1. raw eggs
  2. undercooked meat
  3. unpasteurised milk
  4. unpasteuristed soft cheese
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12
Q

what pathogens can arise in dirty water (3)

A
  1. cholera
  2. vibrio sp
  3. giardia
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13
Q

what organism is the commonest cause for guillian-barre in the UK

A

campylobacter jejenum

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14
Q

where does campylobacter jejenum multiply

A

in bile

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15
Q

what do shiga /shiga-like toxin cause to happen in the bowel

A

shedding of blood from the bowel -> blood diahorrea occurs

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16
Q

symptoms of GI infections (5)

A
  1. diahorrea
  2. vomiting
  3. abdo pain
  4. blood in stool
  5. systemic symptoms (fever, jaundice. neurological symptoms)
17
Q

how do viruses cause diahorrea

A

induce cell lysis in order for the virus to spread around the body -> death of cell leads to loss of absorptive cells -> diminished absorptive capacity -> more water in stool

18
Q

how to enterotoxins induce diahorrhea

A
  1. cause increased chloride ion permeability of the apical membrane of intestinal mucosal cells
  2. increased Cl- permability leads to leakage into the lumen, followed by sodium and water movement
  3. results in secretory diahorrea
19
Q

why might campylobacter be ciprofloxacin resistant

A

due to excessive abx use in farming/vet medicine leading to resistant bacteria being ingested in meat

20
Q

what microbe can cause lifelong gastritis aftering drinking from mountain streams

A

giardiasis

21
Q

what is the MOA of entero-aggregative E.coli

A

aggregate together and form a biofilm that hampers normal function of the intestines e.g. absorption

22
Q

what are examples of post GI infectious complications

A
  1. chronic diahorrea
  2. lactase deficency
  3. malabsorption syndromes (coeliacs, tropical)
  4. IBD
  5. Reactive arthritis
  6. HUS syndrome (haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia) - shiga-producing bacteria
23
Q

what is haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)

A

a complication of an E.coli infection that results in cell death and haemorrhage

24
Q

why must the organism causing gastroenteritis be checked prior to giving abx

A

if shiga toxin bacteria (E.coli) then giving abx that kills the bacteria may result in the shedding of all toxins at once causing HUS

25
Q

what abx are commonly responsible for C.diff resistant infections

A
  1. clindamycin
  2. fluroquinolones
  3. b-lactams
26
Q

what is a complication of C.diff infection

A

toxic megaclonon

27
Q

what test should be done is protozoan/parasitic infection suspected (e.g. giardia)

A

stool OCP test (ova, cysts and parasite)

28
Q

what bacteria is in undercooked rice

A

bacillus cereus

29
Q
A

3A week 2 - lower GI tract (8 decks)

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