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Biochem Module 5 > GI Hormones > Flashcards

GI Hormones Flashcards

0
Q

Peptide hormones are synthesized in ER as the ________

A

Prohormone

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1
Q

Classification of Hormones

A 
Peptides and Proteins
AA derivatives
Steroids
FA derivatives
Eicosanoids
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2
Q

What secretes your peptide hormones?

A

Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

Anterior pituitary Gland secretes what?

A 
LH
FSH
PRL
ACTH
GH
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4
Q

Posterior pituitary Gland secretes what?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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5
Q

Peptide hormones are secreted by what organs

A

Heart
Pancreas
GIT
Fat stores

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6
Q

What organ secretes insulin and somatostatin?

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

CCK and gastrin is secreted by what organ

A

GIT

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8
Q

Leptin is secreted by what?

A

Fat stores

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9
Q

Serotonin and melatonin are derivatives of what amino acid

A

Tryptophan

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10
Q

Thyroid hormones and catecholamines are derivatives of what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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11
Q

What is the amino acid derivative of histamine

A

Glutamic acid

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting step in steroid synthesis

A

Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

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13
Q

Cortisol and testosterone are under what classification of hormones?

A

Steroids

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14
Q

Eicosanoids are derived from what?

A

Polyunsaturated FA

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15
Q

Precursor of Eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid

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16
Q

What are the principal classes of eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandin, prostacyclin, leukotriene, thromboxane

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17
Q

What are the two major functions of your pancreas

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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18
Q

How many hormones are secreted by the pancreas

A

3: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

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19
Q

Major function of the pancreas in which it produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes

A

Endocrine

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20
Q

Major function of your pancreas that produces several important hormones

A

Endocrine

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21
Q

Secreted by beta cells

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Pancreatic cell: function is to inhibit endocrine pancreas

A

Somatostatin

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23
Q

What is secreted by alpha cells

A

Glucagon

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24
Pancreatic cell: functions to lower blood sugar
Insulin
25
PP cells secrete what?
Pancreatic Polypeptide
26
Delta cells secrete what?
Somatostatin
27
Pancreatic cell: inhibits exocrine pancreas
Pancreatic Polypeptide
28
Pancreatic cell: raise blood sugar
Glucagon
29
Most abundant pancreatic cell
Beta cells
30
What type of GLUT receptor can be seen be seen in your red blood cells and brain?
GLUT 1
31
GLUT 2 receptors can be seen in what part of the body?
Beta islet cells, liver, kidney
32
Muscles and adipose tissue contains what type of GLUT receptor?
GLUT 4
33
What do you call the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate and ATP?
Glycolysis
34
How is insulin released in response to glucose?
``` Inc glucose Inc glycolysis Inc ATP Inhi of ATP-Sensitive K channels Depolarization of B cell membrane Inc calcium influx Exocytosis of Insulin Dec blood glucose ```
35
Hormones that counter the effect of insulin in liver and peripheral tissue by inducing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Norepi and Epi
36
Increase of these hormones up regulate insulin secretion by increasing the preproinsulin mRna and enzymes involved in processing the preprohormone
GH hPL estrogen Progestin
37
Key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis
Glucokinase PFK 1 PK
38
How does insulin levels increase in tissues
Increasing the number of plasma membrane glucose transporters
39
Insulin stimulates ____________ by promoting dephosphorylation and activation of Acetyll CoA carboxylase in a mechanism mediated by cAMP
Lipogenesis and FA synthesis
40
Insulin promotes _____________ by dephosphorylating glycogen synthase and activating it
Glycogenesis
41
Inability to produce and/or respond appropriately to insulin
DM
42
What is the effect of insulin and somatostatin to your glucagon levels?
Dec secretion of glucagon
43
Secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas
Somatostatin
44
What is the effect of somatostatin in neural tissue
Inhi GH secretion
45
This acts as a paracrine inhibitor of other pancreatic hormones
Somatostatin
46
Pancreatic polypeptide is produced by what kind of cells
Pancreatic F cells
47
GAS gene is located on what chromosome
Long arm of chrom 7
48
What is the function of Gastrin
Stimulates parietal cell to secrete HCl
49
Direct binding of gastrin to gastrin/CCK2 receptors will result to what?
In parietal cells, H secretion
50
Indirect binding of gastrin to its receptors will result to what?
In stomach, release of histamine -- will act on parietal cells -- H secretion
51
Gastrin causes the chief cells to produce what
Pepsinogen
52
What is the Zymogen form of the enzyme pepsin
Pepsinogen
53
Gastrin release is inhibited by
Acid and Somatostatin
54
A condition wherein gastrin is produced at excessive levels often by a gastrinoma of the antrum of the pancreas
ZES | Zollinger Ellison Syndrome
55
CCK is previously called
Pancreozymin
56
Stimulates digestion of fat and protein and acts as a hunger suppressant
CCK
57
CCK is secreted by what part of the GIT
Duodenum
58
Acts on the pancreas to stimulate trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, AMS, and LPS
CCK
59
CCK will result to ______ levels of hepatic bile
Increased
60
CCK stimulates gallbladder __________ and ___________ of the sphincter of Oddi.
Contraction, relaxation
61
Mediates satiety by acting on receptors located in the brain
CCK
62
Secreted in response to low duodenal pH due to chyme entering from the stomach
Secretin
63
Inhibits gastrin release to decrease acid secretion from the stomach
Secretin
64
Stimulates bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and brunner's gland of the stomach to buffer the acidic chyme
Secretin
65
Enhances the effect of CCK
Secretin
66
Synthesized by K cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum
GIP
67
What is the effect of GIP to Insulin secretion
Increase
68
This type of DM is not responsive to GIP
Type 2
69
Motilin is secreted by what cells of the small intestine?
Mo cells
70
Increases GI motility and stimulates production of pepsin
Motilin
71
Drugs that act as non-peptide motilin agonistS that is used to stimulate GI motility
Erythromycin
72
Produced in the pancreas for the secretion of water and electrolytes and dilation of intestinal smooth muscle and peripheral bld vessels
VIP
73
Plays a key role in circadian rhythms
VIP | -- suprachiasmatic nuclei
74
In the heart, it causes coronary vasodilation an positive inotropic and chronotropic effect
VIP
75
What is the effect of Bombesin to G cells
Stimulates gastrin release
76
Second source of negative feedback signals that stop the eating behavior
Bombesin
77
Ghrelin is produced by what cells?
P/D1 cells - fundus | Epsilon cells - pancreas
78
Produced by the P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the stomach and epailon cells of the pancreas
Ghrelin
79
What os the effect of Ghrelin to appetite
Stimulate
80
Counterpart of the hormone Leptin
Ghrelin
81
Produced in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the anterior pituitary gland
Ghrelin | -- stim secretion of GH
82
Ghrelin stimulates almost all other hormones except
Insulin secretion

Biochem Module 5 (4 decks)

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