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Biochem Module 5 > GI Hormones > Flashcards

GI Hormones Flashcards

0
Q

Peptide hormones are synthesized in ER as the ________

A

Prohormone

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1
Q

Classification of Hormones

A 
Peptides and Proteins
AA derivatives
Steroids
FA derivatives
Eicosanoids
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2
Q

What secretes your peptide hormones?

A

Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

Anterior pituitary Gland secretes what?

A 
LH
FSH
PRL
ACTH
GH
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4
Q

Posterior pituitary Gland secretes what?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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5
Q

Peptide hormones are secreted by what organs

A

Heart
Pancreas
GIT
Fat stores

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6
Q

What organ secretes insulin and somatostatin?

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

CCK and gastrin is secreted by what organ

A

GIT

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8
Q

Leptin is secreted by what?

A

Fat stores

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9
Q

Serotonin and melatonin are derivatives of what amino acid

A

Tryptophan

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10
Q

Thyroid hormones and catecholamines are derivatives of what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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11
Q

What is the amino acid derivative of histamine

A

Glutamic acid

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12
Q

What is the rate limiting step in steroid synthesis

A

Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

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13
Q

Cortisol and testosterone are under what classification of hormones?

A

Steroids

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14
Q

Eicosanoids are derived from what?

A

Polyunsaturated FA

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15
Q

Precursor of Eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid

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16
Q

What are the principal classes of eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandin, prostacyclin, leukotriene, thromboxane

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17
Q

What are the two major functions of your pancreas

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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18
Q

How many hormones are secreted by the pancreas

A

3: insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

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19
Q

Major function of the pancreas in which it produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes

A

Endocrine

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20
Q

Major function of your pancreas that produces several important hormones

A

Endocrine

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21
Q

Secreted by beta cells

A

Insulin

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22
Q

Pancreatic cell: function is to inhibit endocrine pancreas

A

Somatostatin

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23
Q

What is secreted by alpha cells

A

Glucagon

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24
Q

Pancreatic cell: functions to lower blood sugar

A

Insulin

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25
Q

PP cells secrete what?

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide

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26
Q

Delta cells secrete what?

A

Somatostatin

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27
Q

Pancreatic cell: inhibits exocrine pancreas

A

Pancreatic Polypeptide

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28
Q

Pancreatic cell: raise blood sugar

A

Glucagon

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29
Q

Most abundant pancreatic cell

A

Beta cells

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30
Q

What type of GLUT receptor can be seen be seen in your red blood cells and brain?

A

GLUT 1

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31
Q

GLUT 2 receptors can be seen in what part of the body?

A

Beta islet cells, liver, kidney

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32
Q

Muscles and adipose tissue contains what type of GLUT receptor?

A

GLUT 4

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33
Q

What do you call the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate and ATP?

A

Glycolysis

34
Q

How is insulin released in response to glucose?

A 
Inc glucose
Inc glycolysis
Inc ATP
Inhi of ATP-Sensitive K channels
Depolarization of B cell membrane
Inc calcium influx
Exocytosis of Insulin
Dec blood glucose
35
Q

Hormones that counter the effect of insulin in liver and peripheral tissue by inducing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Norepi and Epi

36
Q

Increase of these hormones up regulate insulin secretion by increasing the preproinsulin mRna and enzymes involved in processing the preprohormone

A

GH
hPL
estrogen
Progestin

37
Q

Key regulatory enzymes of glycolysis

A

Glucokinase
PFK 1
PK

38
Q

How does insulin levels increase in tissues

A

Increasing the number of plasma membrane glucose transporters

39
Q

Insulin stimulates ____________ by promoting dephosphorylation and activation of Acetyll CoA carboxylase in a mechanism mediated by cAMP

A

Lipogenesis and FA synthesis

40
Q

Insulin promotes _____________ by dephosphorylating glycogen synthase and activating it

A

Glycogenesis

41
Q

Inability to produce and/or respond appropriately to insulin

42
Q

What is the effect of insulin and somatostatin to your glucagon levels?

A

Dec secretion of glucagon

43
Q

Secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas

A

Somatostatin

44
Q

What is the effect of somatostatin in neural tissue

A

Inhi GH secretion

45
Q

This acts as a paracrine inhibitor of other pancreatic hormones

A

Somatostatin

46
Q

Pancreatic polypeptide is produced by what kind of cells

A

Pancreatic F cells

47
Q

GAS gene is located on what chromosome

A

Long arm of chrom 7

48
Q

What is the function of Gastrin

A

Stimulates parietal cell to secrete HCl

49
Q

Direct binding of gastrin to gastrin/CCK2 receptors will result to what?

A

In parietal cells, H secretion

50
Q

Indirect binding of gastrin to its receptors will result to what?

A

In stomach, release of histamine – will act on parietal cells – H secretion

51
Q

Gastrin causes the chief cells to produce what

A

Pepsinogen

52
Q

What is the Zymogen form of the enzyme pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

53
Q

Gastrin release is inhibited by

A

Acid and Somatostatin

54
Q

A condition wherein gastrin is produced at excessive levels often by a gastrinoma of the antrum of the pancreas

A

ZES

Zollinger Ellison Syndrome

55
Q

CCK is previously called

A

Pancreozymin

56
Q

Stimulates digestion of fat and protein and acts as a hunger suppressant

57
Q

CCK is secreted by what part of the GIT

58
Q

Acts on the pancreas to stimulate trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, AMS, and LPS

59
Q

CCK will result to ______ levels of hepatic bile

60
Q

CCK stimulates gallbladder __________ and ___________ of the sphincter of Oddi.

A

Contraction, relaxation

61
Q

Mediates satiety by acting on receptors located in the brain

62
Q

Secreted in response to low duodenal pH due to chyme entering from the stomach

63
Q

Inhibits gastrin release to decrease acid secretion from the stomach

64
Q

Stimulates bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and brunner’s gland of the stomach to buffer the acidic chyme

65
Q

Enhances the effect of CCK

66
Q

Synthesized by K cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum

67
Q

What is the effect of GIP to Insulin secretion

68
Q

This type of DM is not responsive to GIP

69
Q

Motilin is secreted by what cells of the small intestine?

70
Q

Increases GI motility and stimulates production of pepsin

71
Q

Drugs that act as non-peptide motilin agonistS that is used to stimulate GI motility

A

Erythromycin

72
Q

Produced in the pancreas for the secretion of water and electrolytes and dilation of intestinal smooth muscle and peripheral bld vessels

73
Q

Plays a key role in circadian rhythms

A

VIP

– suprachiasmatic nuclei

74
Q

In the heart, it causes coronary vasodilation an positive inotropic and chronotropic effect

75
Q

What is the effect of Bombesin to G cells

A

Stimulates gastrin release

76
Q

Second source of negative feedback signals that stop the eating behavior

77
Q

Ghrelin is produced by what cells?

A

P/D1 cells - fundus

Epsilon cells - pancreas

78
Q

Produced by the P/D1 cells lining the fundus of the stomach and epailon cells of the pancreas

79
Q

What os the effect of Ghrelin to appetite

80
Q

Counterpart of the hormone Leptin

81
Q

Produced in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in the anterior pituitary gland

A

Ghrelin

– stim secretion of GH

82
Q

Ghrelin stimulates almost all other hormones except

A

Insulin secretion

Biochem Module 5 (4 decks)

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