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Gastrointestinal Block > GI Histology > Flashcards

GI Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of epithelium are the oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium which is usually not keratinized

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2
Q

what epithelium covers the tongue?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

what part of the tongue has substantial lymphoid aggregates in the submucosa but lacks papillae?

A

posterior 1/3rd

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4
Q

what part of the tongue has very thin epithelium on the ventral surface but has very thick epithelium covered in papillae on the dorsal surface?

A

anterior 2/3rds

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5
Q

what papillae cover most of the dorsal surface?

A

filiform papillae

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6
Q

the pharynx has a ring of _______ tissue composed of 4 different ____

A

lymphoid

tonsils

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7
Q

name the 4 tonsils

A

palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
tubal tonsils
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

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8
Q

what are the 4 components of the digestive tract wall?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adventita

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9
Q

what 3 layers make up the mucosa of the GI tract?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis

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10
Q

what is the epithelium of the GI tract mucosa made of?

A

enterocytes which are epithelial cells specialised to absorb nutrients

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11
Q

what is the lamina propria and what 3 things are contained within it?

A

loose connective tissue
capillaries
enteric neurones
lymphoid tissue

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12
Q

what is the muscularis mucosae?

A

a thin smooth muscle layer

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13
Q

what is the submucosa and what is its purpose?

A

connective tissue to give strength and elasticity to the digestive tract wall

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14
Q

what does the submucosa contain? (4)

A

blood vessels
lymph vessels
glands
submucous plexus

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15
Q

what are the 2 muscle layers of the muscularis externa?

A

circular muscle layer

longitudinal muscle layer

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16
Q

what nerve plexus is contained within the muscularis externa?

A

myenteric plexus

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17
Q

what are the 2 potential purposes of the serosa or adventitia?

A

suspend the digestive tract

attach components of it to other organs

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18
Q

what layer of the digestive tract secretes a lubricating solution?

A

serosa

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19
Q

what is the distinct histological change between the oesophagus and the stomach called?

A

gastro-oesophageal junction

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20
Q

what changes between about the epithelium between the oesophagus and the stomach?

A

transitions from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium

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21
Q

what is the isthmus?

A

the transition point between the gastric pit and gastric glands

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22
Q

what is at the bottom of the gastric pits?

A

gastric glands

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23
Q

what cells line the gastric pits and what are their purpose?

A

surface mucous cells that produced specialised mucus to protect against the acidic environment of the stomach

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24
Q

what types of cells can be found in the gastric gland? (5)

A 
parietal
stem 
chief
mucous
enteroendocrine
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25
Q

shapes of ___ and ___ can determine the region of the stomach

A

pits

glands

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26
Q

shape of pits and glands in the cardia of the stomach

A

deep pits

tortuous glands

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27
Q

shape of pits and glands in the body/fundus

A

shallow pits

long straight glands

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28
Q

shape of pits and gland in the pylorus

A

deep pits

high density of coiled and branched gastric glands

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29
Q

what is special about the muscularis external of the stomach

A

it has an extra layer which aids the churning action of the stomach

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30
Q

what do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl

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31
Q

what do chief cells release? (2)

A

pepsinogen (which is activated to produce pepsin) and gastric lipase

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32
Q

what is the transition between the stomach and the duodenal mucosa marked by?

A

the pyloric sphincter

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33
Q

what happens to the muscle of the stomach at the pyloric sphincter?

A

the circular smooth muscle of the stomach is enlarged

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34
Q

what are the villi?

A

the projections on the mucosa of the small intestine

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35
Q

what are the crypts of lieberkuhn?

A

the pits of the mucosa of the small intestine

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36
Q

what is inside the villi?

A

lacteal which is a large lymphatic vessel that fat goes into instead of straight into the bloodstream

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37
Q

what does the duodenum have to help it deal with acidic products from the stomach?

A

brunner’s glands which produce an alkali mucus

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38
Q

which of the 3 areas of intestine has the larges villi?

A

jejunum

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39
Q

what are Peyer’s patches and where are they located?

A

aggregations of lymphoid tissue in the ileum

40
Q

what is the most numerous absorptive cell with a brush border in the small intestine?

A

enterocyte

41
Q

what cells produce mucus to protect epithelium and lubricate the passageway of the small intestine?

A

goblet cells

42
Q

which cells are located at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn to produce antibacterial products in the small intesting?

A

paneth cells

43
Q

what cells produce hormones that contribute to the control of secretion and motility of the small intestine?

A

enteroendocrine cells

44
Q

what cells found at the base of the crypts of lieberkuhn replenish the epithelium?

A

stem cells

45
Q

what are the 2 main cell types which make up the mucosa of the large intestine?

A 
absorptive cells (remove salts and watter)
goblet cells (secretes mucus)
46
Q

what are the cells of the large intestine arranged into?

A

crypts

47
Q

what are the tendinae coli?

A

the 3 muscular strips the longitudinal muscle is found in along the large intestine

48
Q

what does the appendix have large amounts of?

A

lymphoid tissue

49
Q

what epithelium is the anal canal lined with and what does this transition into?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which is then continuous with the keratinized epithelium of the skin

50
Q

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is _____ and found in _____ (4)

A

protective

oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, anal canal

51
Q

simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands is ____ and found in ______

A

absorptive

small intestine

52
Q

simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular cells is _____ and found in _____

A

secretory

stomach

53
Q

simple columnar epithelium with some tubular glands is _____ and _____ and is found in ________

A

protective and absorptive

large intestine

54
Q

what is the liver parenchyma composed of?

A

glandular epithelial cells

55
Q

name 4 of the many functions of the liver

A 
regulate blood glucose levels
detoxification
glycogen storage
synthesis of and secretion of bile
(and many other metabolic functions)
56
Q

what is the opening at the hilum of the liver called?

A

porta hepatis

57
Q

what enters the liver through the porta hepatis?

A

portal triad

58
Q

the liver has a _____ tissue capsule covered by ______ cells

A 
collagenous connective
mesothelial cells (simple squamous epithelium)
59
Q

the liver is made up of hexagonal shaped _____

A

lobules

60
Q

what is at the centre of each lobule?

A

central vein (which is a branch of the hepatic vein)

61
Q

what is at the corners of all the lobules?

A

portal triads

62
Q

_____ _____ percolate into the central vein

A

hepatic sinusoids

63
Q

what does the portal triad contain? (5)

A 
bile ductule (for bile to exit)
hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
usually contains lymph vessels 
is also companied by collagenous connective tissue
64
Q

the hepatic artery supplies the liver with ________

A

oxygenated blood

65
Q

the hepatic portal vein carries _____, _______ blood form the spleen, stomach and intestine

A

deoxygenated, nutrient rich

66
Q

the hepatic vein takes ______ blood from the liver to the ___

A

deoxygenated

IVC

67
Q

what are sinusoids?

A

gaps between hepatocytes that blood flows through

68
Q

sinusoids receive blood from the _____ and _____ and deliver it to the central vein

A

hepatic artery

portal vein

69
Q

what is the space between the sinusoid and the hepatocytes called?

A

perisinusoidal space

70
Q

where are hepatic stellate cells found and what do they do?

A

in the perisinusoidal space that are modified fibroblasts that make connective tissue which supports the liver

71
Q

what are Kupffer cells and what do they do?

A

they are macrophages resident in the lining of sinusoids that help to remove red blood cells

72
Q

what is bile and what does it contain? (5)

A

alkaline solution

water, ions, phospholipids, bilirubin, bile salts

73
Q

bile is critical for the absorption of ___ and ____ vitamins

A

fat and fat-soluble vitamins

74
Q

what are cholangiocytes?

A

the simple cuboidal epithelial cells of the biliary tree and are responsible for modifying primary bile

75
Q

how is bilirubin pigment produced?

A

breakdown of haemoglobin

76
Q

bile salts are necessary for what?

A

emulsification of fats

77
Q

what cells produce bile?

A

hepatocytes

78
Q

how does bile reach the portal triad?

A

it travels via bile canaliculi (which are formed by tight junctions in the cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes)

79
Q

the gall bladder is a _____ pouch that sits under the ____

A

muscular

liver

80
Q

name the components of the gall bladder lining (4)

A

simple tall columnar epithelium with a brush border

lamina propria (rich in blood and lymphatic vessels)

smooth muscle

outer layer of collagenous adventitia

81
Q

the gall bladder ___ and ___ bile

A

stores

modifies

82
Q

the gall bladder is stimulated to contract by ____ and _____ control to release bile into the duodenum

A

nervous (vagal)

hormonal

83
Q

what is released by the duodenum when fatty food enters it to stimulate the contraction of the gall bladder?

A

cholecystokinin

84
Q

what is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gall bladder

85
Q

what can the obstruction of the cystic duct by gall stones lead to? (3)

A

expansion of the gall bladder, thickening of the muscle layers, inflammation

86
Q

what is the parenchyma of the pancreas composed of?

A

glandular epithelial cells

87
Q

the pancreas is an _____ and ______ ____

A

exocrine and endocrine gland

88
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas produce?

A

digestive juices

89
Q

the majority of the pancreatic tissue is exocrine/endocrine?

A

exocrine

90
Q

the enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas are secreted as ______

A

inactive proenzymes

91
Q

what activates the enzymes produced by the pancreas?

A

trypsin (the active form of trypsinogen)

92
Q

what is an acinus?

A

a small cavity surrounded by the secretory cells of a gland

93
Q

what are centroacinar cells?

A

extension of the intercalated duct cells into the acinus

94
Q

what are islands of tissue scattered around the pancreas and what do they produce?

A 
islets of langerhans
produce hormones (e.g. insulin, glucagon)
95
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)?

A

where the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and opens into the duodenum on a papillae

96
Q

what are zymogen granules?

A

storage granules in the exocrine pancreas for sorting, packaging and regulating the secretion of digestive enzymes

97
Q

what are the exocrine cells of the pancreas called?

A

acinar cells

Gastrointestinal Block (8 decks)

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