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PCT Sem 4 Final Test > GI/GU/Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

GI/GU/Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Abd/back pain DDx

A

AAA, appendicitis, acute back pain, mechanical, chlamydia, constipation, diverticulitis, gastritis, PUD, gastroenteritis, gonorrhea, IBS, obstruction, renal calculi, trauma, urethritis

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2
Q

What is a UTI

A

Bacteriuria in the presence of symptoms

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3
Q

Where does a UTI begin, and where can it progress to if left untreated

A

Lower UT (bladder & urethra)
— to the —
Upper UT (kidneys & urethra)

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4
Q

If a male has a UTI what should you consider and why

A

Anatomical abnormalities because UTIs are uncommon in men

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5
Q

What is the most common c/c for men with UTIs

A

Dysuria

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6
Q

What is urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

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7
Q

What is epididymitis

A

Inflammation of the epididymis (a convoluted duct on the posterior surface of the testicle)

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8
Q

What is orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testicle(s)

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9
Q

What is pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney

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10
Q

What % of women do UTIs affect

A

20%

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11
Q

What is cystitis

A

UTI of the urinary bladder

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of UTIs in women

A

Enteric coliform bacteria w a short ureter which is close to the perineum

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13
Q

What is the most common type of urologist stone disease

A

Renal calculi

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14
Q

What kinds of pain can renal calculi present with

A

Retroperitoneal or groin pain

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15
Q

What is AKI formerly known as

A

AKF

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16
Q

How can AKI be defined

A

At least 50% decrease in GFR plus the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes

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17
Q

What is hemodialysis used for

A

To eliminate toxic wastes when the kidneys fail

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18
Q

Pros & cons to hemodialysis

A

Pros: pt does not need training
Cons: lack of freedom

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19
Q

How does peritoneal dialysis work

A

The body’s own membrane is used as a filter & the fluid is drained in & out of the abd, replacing kidneys

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20
Q

What are the pros & cons to peritoneal dialysis

A

Pros: is done at home & allows for fewer pokes
Cons: membrane failure

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21
Q

What are the kidneys well protected by (in adults)

A

The rib cage

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22
Q

When does epididmo-orchitis happen

A

When epididymitis spreads to the adjacent testicle

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23
Q

What are S/S of epididymitis & orchitis

A

(In males!)
Scrotal pain
Edema
Polyuria/dysuria
Nausea
Fever
Abd/flank pain

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24
Q

BPH

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

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25
What is BHP
A benign enlargement of the prostate gland that can restrict flow of urine from the bladder
26
What are the S/S of BPH
Polyuria Increased urinary urgency, hesitancy & incomplete emptying Decreased stream Dribbling
27
What are some medications your pt may be on for BPH
phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline) prazosin (Minipress) alfuzosin (UroXatral) indoramin, terazosin (Hytrin), doxazosin (Cardura) tamsulosin (Flomax) cialis (Tadalafil)
28
How can hypovolemic result from dehydration
Acidosis, AKI end-organ damage
29
How can seizures result of dehydration
Electrolyte abnormalities
30
How can arrhythmias result from dehydration
Electrolyte abnormalities
31
How can heatstroke result from dehydration
Excessive sweating &/or intake
32
How can thrombosis result from dehydration
Increased blood velocity
33
Upper abd pain DDx
- Esophageal varices - Mallory-weis tear at the esophageal gastric junction from severe retching - Acute/chronic gastroenteritis - Peptic ulcer disease
34
Lower abd pain DDx
- Ulcerative colitis - Diveriticulitis - Hemorrhoids - Bowel obstruction
35
What is hyponatremia
Swelling of cells
36
What are S/S of hyponatremia
Muscle weakness/spasms Cramps Coma Seizures
37
What is hypernatremia
Shrinking of cells
38
What are S/S of hypernatremia
Excessive thirst Extreme fatigue Restlessness Seizures Coma
39
What is hypokalemia
Decreased stimulation of nerve & muscle fibers
40
What are S/S of hypokalemia
Muscle cramps Weakness or paralysis Heart failure & dysrhythmias Flat T waves or U waves (ECG)
41
What is hyperkalemia
Increased stimulation of muscle & nerve fibers
42
What are S/S of hyperkalemia
Muscle cramps Weakness Dysrhythmias Tall tented T waves
43
What is the mortality rate of a mesenteric artery occlusion
70-90%
44
Who are mesenteric artery occlusions seen in
People with afib, aflutter & those with heart valves that have been replaced
45
What is the most common abd pain emergency
Appendicitis
46
When does the emergency occur with appendicitis
When is becomes gangrenous &/or ruptures
47
What is the early symptom of appendicitis
Visceral pain
48
What is the later symptom of appendicitis
Somatic pain, intense & localized to McBurney’s point
49
What is the largest indication of pancreatitis
Sharp, twisting pain in the LUQ/epigastric area
50
What are S/S of pancreatitis
- Radiating to the back - Fever, N/V - Abd distension - Diaphoresis - Rebound tenderness; bumps on the road - Fetal position
51
Gallstones are AKA
Cholelithiasis
52
What are gallstones
“Stones” that formed from cholesterol saturated in bile which then calcifies
53
What is biliary colic
When gallstones obstruct the bile duct
54
What indicates gallstones
Sharp pain localized to the RUQ which can radiate to the back/chest, restless, N/V,
55
Where does thermorégulation take place
Hypothalamus
56
What mediates thermoregulation
Neuromuscular activity, endocrine system
57
How does the SNS thermoregulate
It causes thermogenesis
58
How does the PNS thermoregulate
It causes thermolysis
59
What are the four ways human bodies thermoregulate
Radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation
60
How can radiation thermoregulate
Vasodilate (in response to a hot environment, to increase peripheral blood flow) Vasoconstrict (in response to cold, to shunt)
61
How can convection thermoregulate
Energy transferred by mass motion of molecules, as wind speed increases so does the rate of convection & heat loss
62
How can conduction thermoregulate
Through direct physical contact with any object - is 2% of heat loss under normal conditions - in water conduction can increase heat loss by 32 times
63
How can evaporation thermoregulate
Through conversion of liquid to gas
64
What is the human body’s primary means of heat loss
Sweat (evaporation)
65
What are three ways of increased endogenous heat production
Febrile illness, physical activity, pharmacological agents
66
How can febrile illness produce heat
Increased metabolic rate = increased heat production (ie hyperthyroidism may predispose to heat illness)
67
How can physical activity produce heat
Increased endogenous production (can increase by 1 degree q 5 mins)
68
How can pharmacological agents produce heat
Anaesthetics in pts w malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptics (ie cocaine, amphetamines, antidep, LSD, phencyclidine, MAOI, salicylates & parachlorprohenol)
69
What factors affect the body’s ability to dissipate/disperse heat
Dehydration CVS disease Extremes of age Obesity Improper clothing Skin disease Drugs
70
What is heat syncope a variant of
Postural HoTN (vaso-vagal)
71
What is the tx for heat syncope
Remove pt from the heat source, followed w oral or IV fluids
72
What characterizes heat tetany
Hyperventilation
73
Why does heat tetany cause hyperventilation
Respiratory alkalosis, paraesthesis & carpopedal spasm
74
What are the S/S of heat exhaustion
- Dizziness - Weakness - Malaise - Lightheadedness - Fatigue - Vomiting - Headache
75
How does one present with heat exhaustion
- Syncope - oHoTN - Sinus tach - Tachypnea - Diaphoresis - Hyperthermia
76
What is the CBT for heat exhaustion
40 degree
77
What is the tx for heat exhaustion
Immediately move the pt to cooler environment, remove as much clothing as possible & turn on AC, cover pts w wet sheets but avoid shivering
78
Why is heat stroke an emergency
Excessive heat denatures proteins, destabilizes phospholipids & lipoproteins, liquifies membrane lipids leading to CVS disease, multiorgan failure
79
What is the triad for heat stroke
Hyperpyrexia (>40), CNS dysfunction, anhidosis
80
What is anhydosis
Lack of swearing
81
What is an early finding of heat stroke
Ataxia
82
How do you treat heat stroke
Cold packs to junctional sites, ice cold soaked sheets
83
How does superficial frostbite present
Redness followed by blanching
84
How does deep frostbite present
White/frozen appearance
85
Characteristics of mild hypothermia
CBT 32-35 w shivering, lethargic, dulled mentality (actively rewarm this pt)
86
Characteristics of moderate hypothermia
CBT 28-32 w ataxia, +/- shivering, alt LOA, ECG changes, hypoventilation
87
Characteristics of severe hypothermia
CBT <28, where shivering has stopped, alt LOA, muscles rigid/stiff (risk of VF after 30 increases a ton, heart may not respond to shocks, remove wet clothes, supine position, active rewarming may not be appropriate)
88
What is rewarming shock
Reflex vasodilation that may occur when actively rewarming a severely hypothermic pt
89
What is after drop
When the cold & acidotic blood goes from the periphery to the core, further decreasing the CBT
90
PNS =
Rest & digest
91
Effects of the PNS
Decreased HR, conduction, velocity, FOC
92
What mediates the PNS
Vagus nerve
93
What is the neurotransmitter of the PNS
Acetylcholine
94
SNS =
Fight or flight
95
Effects of the SNS
Increased HR, conduction velocity, FOC
96
What mediates the SNS
Sympathetic nerves
97
What is the neurotransmitter of the SNS
Epi & norepi
98
What drugs act on the ANS
• Cholinergic • Anticholinergic • Acting on autonomic ganglia • Adrenergic • a-adrenergic blocking agents • b-adrenergic blocking agents • Drugs used for glucoma
99

PCT Sem 4 Final Test (1 decks)

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