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GI Exam 2 > GI exam 2 > Flashcards

GI exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Problems of elimination

A

Constipation and
Obstipation

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2
Q

What is constipation?

A

When fecal matter is held in the rectal cavity for longer than is usual for the patient.
The longer waste is held the more water gets absorbed.
***Stool is hard, dry, and painful to pass

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3
Q

What is Obstipation?

A

constipation that occurs for a long period of time

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4
Q

Etiology of constipation

A

meds: narcs, tranquilizers, and antacids with aluminum
Rectal/anal conditions: tears, fissures, hemorrhoids, pain
Metabolic of neurologic disorders: lupus, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, diabetes
colon cancer
decreased mobility
low intake of fiber
chronic laxative use
supressing urge

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5
Q

Prevention of constipation

A

exercise, fluids, high fiber diet

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6
Q

how long should you use laxatives?

A

short amount of time

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7
Q

s/s of constipation

A

Abdominal pain, indigestion, rectal pressure, feeling of incomplete emptying, intestinal rumbling.

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8
Q

complication of constipation

A

Fecal impaction
When straining it can cause cardiac, neurologic, and respiratory complications.
Megacolon

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9
Q

Define fecal impaction

A

stool is too dry to pass
- can cause ulcers

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10
Q

What happens when liquid waste passes around the impaction of hard stool?

A

liquid stool incontience

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11
Q

Chronic laxative use can lead to ___ of the muscle of the colon. Can also lead to ____ and ____

A

Atrophy
Muscle thinking
fibrosis

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12
Q

What is Fecaloma?

A

Obstruction
Can lead to perforation=med emergency!!!
Requires surgery (colectomy)

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12
Q

What is Fecaloma?

A

Obstruction
Can lead to perforation=med emergency!!!
Requires surgery (colectomy)

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13
Q

Diagnostic test for constipation?

A

Radiologic tests, sigmoidoscopy, occult testing of the stool, and barium

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14
Q

T/F: Constipation is usually self-diagnosed

A

T

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15
Q

Therapeutic measures for constipation

A

Add fiber and fluids to the diet, increase activity, stop chronic use of laxatives

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16
Q

___ and _____ meds can be used instead of Laxatives.

A

Psyllium
stool softeners

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17
Q

Define Diarrhea

A

3 or more loose/ liquid stools in 24 hours
decreased in absorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients
***mostly caused by bacterial infections

18
Q

What type of bowel sounds do you hear with diarrhea?

A

Hyper active

19
Q

What are the 3 (bacterial) main causative agents for diarrhea?

A

Ecoli
C-Diff
Salmenella

20
Q

T/F You can get diarrhea from under cooked food?

A

T

21
Q

What is the main causative agents (viral) for diarrhea?

A

rotavirus

22
Q

Causes of diarrhea?

A

-Poor food tolerance or allergies- additives, caffeine, milk, meats, wheat
-Inflammatory disease: Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis
-Osmotic agents: laxatives or other substances
-Irritable Bowel Syndrome
-Surgical resection
-Radiation therapy
-Enteral feedings
-Medications
-Hormonal disorders

23
Q

How do you prevent diarrhea?

A

Proper food management, HAND WASHING

24
Q

S/S of diarrhea

A

frequent liquid stools, foul smelling, may contain blood or mucus, may have a rapid onset, nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramping, distention, anorexia, weakness, dehydration

25
Q

diagnosis of diarrhea

A

Determined by onset
Stool culture
Visual Inspection
Labs

26
Q

Treatment of diarrhea

A

Replace fluids: oral and high in glucose
Elimination diet
antibiotics
probiotics

27
Q

What med is given for diarrhea that occurs for more than 3 episodes?

A

Lomotil

28
Q

_____ organ is a small shaped appendage that is attached to the cecum of the large intestine.

A

Appendix

29
Q

Why is obstruction common for the appendix?

A

because of the small size

30
Q

S/S of appendicitis

A

Fever
increased wbc
pain in upper abdomen**
then a few hours after onset of pain, pain will be in the LRQ (McBurney’s point)**
nausea and vomiting
rebound tenderness
leg will be flexed for comfort

31
Q

Appendicitis can lead to?

A

peritonitis

32
Q

diagnostic tests for appendicitis?

A

cbc
ct scan
Sri

33
Q

treatment of appendicitis

A

NPO- anticipate surgery
semifowels position
apply ice
maintain iv
anticipate antibiotics
may come back with ng tube
monitor dressing

34
Q

complications of appendicitis

A

perforation, abscess and peritonitis.

35
Q

complications of appendicitis

A

perforation, abscess and peritonitis.

36
Q

Common causes of peritonitis

A

ruptured appendix, perforated peptic ulcer, gangrenous gallbladder, diverticulitis, incarcerated hernia, gangrenous gallbladder, and peritoneal dialysis

37
Q

Common causes of peritonitis

A

ruptured appendix, perforated peptic ulcer, gangrenous gallbladder, diverticulitis, incarcerated hernia, gangrenous gallbladder, and peritoneal dialysis

38
Q

S/S of peritonitis

A

abdominal pain- worsens with movement
rebound tenderness
abdominal rigidity
decreased peristalsis
hypovolemia
fever
sepsis

39
Q

Diagnostic’s of peritonitis

A

ct scan
elevated abc
may require exploratory surgery
laboratory analysis

40
Q

Therapeutic measures

A

npc
replace electrolytes
Insertion of an orogastric or NG tube
Antibiotics
Surgery
may need ostomy
manage pain

41
Q

Therapeutic measures

A

npc
replace electrolytes
Insertion of an orogastric or NG tube
Antibiotics
Surgery
may need ostomy
manage pain

42
Q

Complications of peritonitis

A

Intestinal obstruction
Hypovolemia
Septicemia/Septic shock
Death

43
Q

Complications of peritonitis

A

Intestinal obstruction
Hypovolemia
Septicemia/Septic shock
Death

GI Exam 2 (1 decks)

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