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Pathophysiology Part 2 > GI/Endocrine Systems > Flashcards

GI/Endocrine Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Which two other body systems are often involved with the GI system?

A

The endocrine and neuro systems

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2
Q

What are the functions of the GI system?

A
  • Production of enzymes and hormones
  • Storage and synthesis of vitamins
  • Dismantling and reassembling of food
  • Entrance of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, and water through the GI tract
  • Collection and elimination of wastes
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3
Q

What is part of and the function of the upper part of the digestive system?

A
  • Mouth, esophagus, and stomach
  • Acts as an intake source and receptacle through which food passes and in which initial digestive processes take place
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4
Q

What is part of and the function of the middle portion of the digestive system?

A
  • Small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
  • Most digestive and absorptive processes occur in the small intestine
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5
Q

What is part of and the function of the lower segment of the digestive system?

A
  • Cecum, colon, and rectum
  • Serves as a storage channel for the efficient elimination of waste
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6
Q

What is part of and the function of the fourth part of the digestive system?

A
  • Accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
  • Produce digestive secretions that help dismantle foods and regulate the use and storage of nutrients
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7
Q

This layer of the gastrointestinal wall is where cells produce mucus that lubricates and protects the inner surface of the alimentary canal

A

Mucosal Layer

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8
Q

This layer of the gastrointestinal wall consists of connective tissue and contains blood vessels, nerves, and structures responsible for secreting digestive enzymes

A

Submucosal Layer

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9
Q

This structure of the gastrointestinal wall facilitates movement of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Circular and Longitudinal Muscle Layers

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10
Q

This structure of the gastrointestinal wall is loosely attached to the outer wall of the intestine

A

Peritoneum

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11
Q

What are the different secretions of the GI tract?

A
  • Salivary
  • Gastric
  • Pancreatic
  • Biliary
  • Intestinal
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12
Q

What are requirements for digestion?

A
  • Hydrolysis
  • Enzyme cleavage
  • Fat emulsification
  • Parietal cells: Gastric acid
  • Chief cells: Pepsin
  • Liver/gallbladder
  • Brunner glands
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13
Q

The etiology of oral clefts is a combination of which factors?

A

Hereditary and environmental factors

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14
Q

What are the complications of oral clefts?

A
  • Appearance
  • Feeding
  • Speech
  • Ear infections (due to fluid backup)
  • Hearing problems
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15
Q

This congenital disorder is characterized by the incomplete formation of the esophagus and manifestations include the inability to swallow or eat and abdominal distention due to air in the stomach

A

Esophageal Atresia

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16
Q

These are formed in esophageal atresia when the esophagus attaches to the trachea

A

Fistula

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17
Q

This congenital disorder is characterized by the pyloric sphincter remaining tight, stiff, and contracted. Manifestations usually appear in the first several weeks after birth and consist of persistent vomiting after feeding, regurgitation, hunger, and failure to gain weight.

A

Pyloric Stenosis

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18
Q

This consists of the rhythmic spasmodic movements of the diaphragm, chest wall, and abdominal muscles

A

Retching

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19
Q

These responses are protective to the extent that they signal the presence of disease and remove noxious agents from the GI tract

A

Nausea, retching, and vomiting

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20
Q

Can contribute to impaired intake or loss of fluids and nutrients

A

Anorexia and vomiting

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21
Q

When it comes to gastrointestinal tract bleeding, what does it mean if it is darker blood

A

The blood has been digested to some degree and deeper in the GI tract

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22
Q

Characterized by blood in the emesis that may be bright red or have coffee ground appearance - blood is coming from deeper within the system

A

Hematemesis

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23
Q

Characterized by blood in the stool which ranges in color from bright red to tarry black. If it is bright red, the bleeding is closer to the rectum or anus. If the blood is darker, bleeding is coming from further within the GI tract. This condition may be occult (hidden).

A

Melena/hematochezia

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24
Q

This salivary gland problem involves the stagnation of salivary flow and an elevated salivary calcium. Complications include inflammation of gland or duct and localized injury, as well as bacterial biofilm. Treatment includes the promotion of salivation.

A

Sialolithiasis

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25
Q

This salivary gland problem is usually caused by a primary infection (viral or bacterial) and often requires hospitalization for anti-microbials. No clear reason why this occurs but may be due to a salivary calcium stone

A

Sialoadenitis

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26
Q

This term means difficulty in swallowing

A

Dysphagia

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27
Q

This term means painful swallowing

A

Odynophagia

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28
Q

Failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax

A

Achalasia

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29
Q

This is a form of diagnostic completed when there is an alteration in swallowing

A

Swallow study

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30
Q

This GI disorder is characterized by heartburn and can occur 30 to 60 minutes after a meal, have an evening onset, and involves pain in the epigastric area that radiates to the throat, shoulder, or back.

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)

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31
Q

This term is referring to the out-pouching on the esophagus

A

Diverticula

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32
Q

Complaints of this disease includes food stopping before it reaches the stomach, gurgling, excessive belching, coughing, and foul-smelling breath

A

Esophageal Diverticulum

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33
Q

In this disorder, part of the stomach extends above the diaphragm and the etiology can be from trauma, increased intrathoracic pressure weakening the diaphragm, and can be congenital. Manifestations include indigestion, heartburn, belching, nausea, chest pain, and dysphagia

A

Hiatal Hernia

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34
Q

Etiology of this disease include bacterial or viral infections, H. Pylori, NSAID use, stress, and autoimmune disorders. Manifestations include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, cramping, nausea/vomiting, anorexia, and hematemesis

A

Gastritis and Gastroenteritis

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35
Q

This is an ulcerative disorder that occurs in areas of the upper gastrointestinal tract that are exposed to acid-pepsin secretions where erosion of the inner lining of the stomach can happen. Pain is caused by exposure of intestinal tract to acid when its no longer protected by mucous

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

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36
Q

Erosions or perforation in stomach and GI tract

A

Ulcers

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37
Q

This is the largest visceral organ in the body, weighing approximately 3 lb in an adult. Is anatomically divided into two large lobes (right and left) and two smaller lobes (caudate and quadrate)

A

Liver

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38
Q

What is involved in the blood flow of the liver?

A
  • Hepatic artery
  • Hepatic portal vein: which goes to the digestive tract and major abdominal organs
  • Hepatic veins: valveless veins that empty into the inferior vena cava
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39
Q

What are the accessory organs of the liver?

A
  • Gallbladder
  • Exocrine pancreas
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40
Q

These organs produce digestive secretions

A

Liver and pancreas

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41
Q

This organ:
- synthesizes glucose, plasma proteins, and blood clotting factors
- carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- is responsible for the degradation and elimination of drugs and hormones

A

Liver

42
Q

This organ supplies the insulin and glucagon needed in cell metabolism

A

Endocrine pancreas

43
Q

Bilirubin is created from the breaking down of red blood cells - when this builds up in the body, yellowing of the skin and mucosal membranes occurs

A

Jaundice

44
Q

This disease is characterized by the fibrosis replacement of hepatic tissue with loss of function. Symptoms include weight loss (sometimes masked by ascites which is fluid buildup in the stomach), weakness, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, jaundice, and hepatomegaly.

A

Cirrhosis

45
Q

Fibrous tissue limits blood flow which can lead to hypertension in the portal vein and hepatic artery. A backup causes…

A
  • Varicosities in esophagus and abdomen which leads to Barrett’s esophagus
  • Organs to enlarge spleen, pancreas, and stomach
  • Ascites: fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity
46
Q

When albumin is not produced it can cause…

A

Ascites: fluid accumulates in the perioneal cavity

47
Q

Decreased protein production within the liver can cause…

A
  • Ascites: fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity
  • Decreased clotting factors
  • Muscle wasting
48
Q

Decreased glucose metabolism within the liver can cause…

A

Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

49
Q

Inflammation around the gallbladder and common bile duct blocks ducts allowing bile to accumulate and move to the blood. This can cause…

A
  • Bilirubinuria
  • Pruritis: intense itching
  • Jaundice
50
Q

Inflammation around the gallbladder and common bile duct blocks the duct meaning bile does not move to the intestine. This can cause…

A
  • Clay colored stools
  • Lack of fat-soluble vitamin absorption
  • Lack of fat absorption
51
Q

An estrogen build-up can cause associated protein diet, renal failure, and infection and can cause protein levels to increase leading to…

A

Encephalopathy - Rapid degeneration of neurologic function that can be manifested as confusion

52
Q

Estrogen build-up can lead to the failure to remove toxins and ammonia build-up which can lead to…

A

Confusion, disorientation, and hand tremors

53
Q

What are some of the treatments for liver failure?

A
  • Eliminating alcohol when the condition is caused by alcoholic cirrhosis
  • Preventing infections
  • Providing sufficient carbohydrates and calories to prevent protein breakdown
  • Correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances
  • Decreasing ammonia production in the gastrointestinal tract by controlling protein intake
  • Liver transplant
54
Q

This form of hepatotropic virus is spread through contaminated stool and water supply

A

Hepatitis A

55
Q

This form of hepatotropic virus is spread through blood products and important that healthcare workers have the vaccine

A

Hepatitis B

56
Q

This form of hepatotropic virus is spread through the community through bodily fluids and blood products - often with shared needles

A

Hepatitis C

57
Q

Which hepatitis usually comes with hepatitis B

A

Hepatitis D

58
Q

This form of hepatotropic virus is not very common but does spread through environmental factors

A

Hepatitis E

59
Q

This stage of acute hepatitis occurs within the first two weeks

A

Incubation

60
Q

This stage of acute hepatitis is when viral symptoms appear

A

Prodromal phase

61
Q

This stage of acute hepatitis shows symptoms of jaundice, bilirubinuria, clay-colored stools, hepatomegaly, and RUQ pain

A

Icteric Phase

62
Q

This stage of acute hepatitis involves the resolution of jaundice

A

Recovery phase

63
Q

This common disorder of the biliary system involves the presence of gallstones

A

Cholelithiasis

64
Q

This common disorder of the biliary system involves inflammation of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystitis

65
Q

This common disorder of the biliary system involves inflammation of the common bile duct

A

Cholangitis

66
Q

What are the two primary factors that contribute to the formation of gallstones?

A
  • Abnormalities in the composition of bile (particularly increased cholesterol)
  • The stasis of bile
67
Q

The formation of cholesterol stones is associated with what?

A

Obesity

68
Q

What are the four F’s of cholecystitis?

A
  • Fatty
  • Fertile
  • Female
  • Forty or fifty
69
Q

This disease is caused by pancreatic inflammation that causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into pancreatic tissue - leads to autodigestion and activation of inflammatory processes. Treatment includes bowel rest

A

Pancreatitis

70
Q

This disease occurs in children ages 4-36 months. It is 75% idiopathic, viral and bacterial infections have some association, and is an anatomic abnormality that allows peristalsis in some areas but not others allows them to telescope. Manifestations include sausage shaped abdominal mass and currant jelly stool.

A

Intussusception

71
Q

Viral infections of the intestine include…

A

Rotavirus

72
Q

Bacterial infections of the intestine include…

A
  • Clostridium difficile colitis
  • Escherichia coli
73
Q

Protozoal infections of the intestine include…

A

E. histolytica

74
Q

Common causes of constipation include..

A
  • Failure to respond to the urge to defecate
  • Inadequate fiber in the diet
  • Inadequate fluid intake
  • Weakness of the abdominal muscles
  • Inactivity and bed rest
  • Pregnancy
  • Hemorrhoids
75
Q

This type of intestinal obstruction can result from post operative causes such as external hernia and postoperative adhesions

A

Mechanical obstruction

76
Q

This type of intestinal obstruction results from neurogenic or muscular impairment of peristalsis

A

Paralytic or adynamic obstruction

77
Q

This disease is characterized by the appendix becoming inflamed, swollen, and gangrenous, and it eventually perforates if not treated. It is related to intraluminal obstruction with a fecalith (hard piece of stool), gallstones, tumors, parasites, or lymphatic tissue

A

Appendicitis

78
Q

This stage of colorectal cancer is limited to the invasion of the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon with a five year survival rate of 90-100%

A

Stage I

79
Q

In this stage of colorectal cancer, lymph node negative tumor infiltrates into, but not through, the muscularis propria with a five year survival rate of 80%

A

Stage II

80
Q

In this stage of colorectal cancer, lymph node positive tumor in which there is invasion of the serosal layer and regional lymph node involvement with a five year survival rate of 30-50%

A

Stage III

81
Q

In this stage of colorectal cancer, metastatic tumors penetrate the serosa or adjacent organs with a poor prognosis

A

Stage IV

82
Q

Although the cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown, what are the two major risk factors?

A

Smoking and diet

83
Q

This type of obesity is based on fat distribution within the central, abdominal areas or male obesity. Has a cardiometabolic risk.

A

Upper body obesity

84
Q

This type of obesity is based on fat distribution within the peripheral, gluteal-femoral areas or known as female obesity

A

Lower body obesity

85
Q

This form of endocrine dysfunction is characterized by the interference with linear bone growth and results in short stature or dwarfism

A

Growth hormone deficiency

86
Q

This form of endocrine dysfunction is characterized by the increase in linear bone growth and gigantism

A

Growth hormone excess

87
Q

How and where does the body get insulin?

A

From the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

88
Q

What is the action of insulin?

A
  • Provides glucose uptake by target cells
  • Prevents fat and glycogen breakdown
  • Increases protein synthesis
89
Q

This term means there is too much insulin and the blood glucose is too low. Symptoms include: shaky, diaphoretic, anxious, grumpy

A

Hypoglycemia

90
Q

This term means there is too little insulin and the blood glucose is too high. Symptoms include: the three P’s which are polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, dry skin and mouth, lack of energy, and weight loss

A

Hyperglycemia

91
Q

In this type of diabetes, ADH makes kidneys malfunction

A

Diabetes Insipidus

92
Q

This type of diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency where the pancreas is incapable of producing the required insulin. Known as insulin dependent and appears in children

A

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

93
Q

This type of diabetes is characterized by the impaired ability of tissues to use insulin and the impaired release of insulin - the pancreas eventually stops making insulin.

A

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

94
Q

What are the measures used to diagnose diabetes?

A
  • Hgb A1C: measure of blood glucose for the last three months
  • Blood glucose monitoring: measure of blood glucose right now
  • Glucose challenge test (1 hour and 3 hour): measures how your body reacts to a measured amount
  • Fasting blood sugar test
95
Q

What are the types of oral medications for Type II diabetics?

A
  • Sulfonylureas
  • Repaglinide
  • Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
96
Q

What are the types of insulin are used by both type I and II diabetics?

A
  • Fast acting
  • Medium acting
  • Long acting
97
Q

This disease is characterized by decreased metabolic rates, accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharide substance (myxedema) in the connective tissues, and elevated serum cholesterol

A

Hypothyroidism

98
Q

This disease is characterized by increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, increased use of metabolic fuels, and increased sympathetic nervous system responsiveness

A

Hyperthyroidism

99
Q

This adrenal gland disorder is is characterized by an adrenal gland insufficiency and too little cortisol production

A

Addison’s disease

100
Q

This adrenal gland disorder is characterized by an adrenal gland hyperactivity and too much cortisol production

A

Cushing’s disease

Pathophysiology Part 2 (2 decks)

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