GI/Endocrine Systems Flashcards
1
Q
Which two other body systems are often involved with the GI system?
A
The endocrine and neuro systems
2
Q
What are the functions of the GI system?
A
- Production of enzymes and hormones
- Storage and synthesis of vitamins
- Dismantling and reassembling of food
- Entrance of nutrients, vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, and water through the GI tract
- Collection and elimination of wastes
3
Q
What is part of and the function of the upper part of the digestive system?
A
- Mouth, esophagus, and stomach
- Acts as an intake source and receptacle through which food passes and in which initial digestive processes take place
4
Q
What is part of and the function of the middle portion of the digestive system?
A
- Small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
- Most digestive and absorptive processes occur in the small intestine
5
Q
What is part of and the function of the lower segment of the digestive system?
A
- Cecum, colon, and rectum
- Serves as a storage channel for the efficient elimination of waste
6
Q
What is part of and the function of the fourth part of the digestive system?
A
- Accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
- Produce digestive secretions that help dismantle foods and regulate the use and storage of nutrients
7
Q
This layer of the gastrointestinal wall is where cells produce mucus that lubricates and protects the inner surface of the alimentary canal
A
Mucosal Layer
8
Q
This layer of the gastrointestinal wall consists of connective tissue and contains blood vessels, nerves, and structures responsible for secreting digestive enzymes
A
Submucosal Layer
9
Q
This structure of the gastrointestinal wall facilitates movement of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract
A
Circular and Longitudinal Muscle Layers
10
Q
This structure of the gastrointestinal wall is loosely attached to the outer wall of the intestine
A
Peritoneum
11
Q
What are the different secretions of the GI tract?
A
- Salivary
- Gastric
- Pancreatic
- Biliary
- Intestinal
12
Q
What are requirements for digestion?
A
- Hydrolysis
- Enzyme cleavage
- Fat emulsification
- Parietal cells: Gastric acid
- Chief cells: Pepsin
- Liver/gallbladder
- Brunner glands
13
Q
The etiology of oral clefts is a combination of which factors?
A
Hereditary and environmental factors
14
Q
What are the complications of oral clefts?
A
- Appearance
- Feeding
- Speech
- Ear infections (due to fluid backup)
- Hearing problems
15
Q
This congenital disorder is characterized by the incomplete formation of the esophagus and manifestations include the inability to swallow or eat and abdominal distention due to air in the stomach
A
Esophageal Atresia
16
Q
These are formed in esophageal atresia when the esophagus attaches to the trachea
A
Fistula
17
Q
This congenital disorder is characterized by the pyloric sphincter remaining tight, stiff, and contracted. Manifestations usually appear in the first several weeks after birth and consist of persistent vomiting after feeding, regurgitation, hunger, and failure to gain weight.
A
Pyloric Stenosis
18
Q
This consists of the rhythmic spasmodic movements of the diaphragm, chest wall, and abdominal muscles
A
Retching
19
Q
These responses are protective to the extent that they signal the presence of disease and remove noxious agents from the GI tract
A
Nausea, retching, and vomiting
20
Q
Can contribute to impaired intake or loss of fluids and nutrients
A
Anorexia and vomiting
21
Q
When it comes to gastrointestinal tract bleeding, what does it mean if it is darker blood
A
The blood has been digested to some degree and deeper in the GI tract
22
Q
Characterized by blood in the emesis that may be bright red or have coffee ground appearance - blood is coming from deeper within the system
A
Hematemesis
23
Q
Characterized by blood in the stool which ranges in color from bright red to tarry black. If it is bright red, the bleeding is closer to the rectum or anus. If the blood is darker, bleeding is coming from further within the GI tract. This condition may be occult (hidden).
A
Melena/hematochezia
24
Q
This salivary gland problem involves the stagnation of salivary flow and an elevated salivary calcium. Complications include inflammation of gland or duct and localized injury, as well as bacterial biofilm. Treatment includes the promotion of salivation.
A
Sialolithiasis
25
This salivary gland problem is usually caused by a primary infection (viral or bacterial) and often requires hospitalization for anti-microbials. No clear reason why this occurs but may be due to a salivary calcium stone
Sialoadenitis
26
This term means difficulty in swallowing
Dysphagia
27
This term means painful swallowing
Odynophagia
28
Failure of the esophageal sphincter to relax
Achalasia
29
This is a form of diagnostic completed when there is an alteration in swallowing
Swallow study
30
This GI disorder is characterized by heartburn and can occur 30 to 60 minutes after a meal, have an evening onset, and involves pain in the epigastric area that radiates to the throat, shoulder, or back.
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
31
This term is referring to the out-pouching on the esophagus
Diverticula
32
Complaints of this disease includes food stopping before it reaches the stomach, gurgling, excessive belching, coughing, and foul-smelling breath
Esophageal Diverticulum
33
In this disorder, part of the stomach extends above the diaphragm and the etiology can be from trauma, increased intrathoracic pressure weakening the diaphragm, and can be congenital. Manifestations include indigestion, heartburn, belching, nausea, chest pain, and dysphagia
Hiatal Hernia
34
Etiology of this disease include bacterial or viral infections, H. Pylori, NSAID use, stress, and autoimmune disorders. Manifestations include indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, cramping, nausea/vomiting, anorexia, and hematemesis
Gastritis and Gastroenteritis
35
This is an ulcerative disorder that occurs in areas of the upper gastrointestinal tract that are exposed to acid-pepsin secretions where erosion of the inner lining of the stomach can happen. Pain is caused by exposure of intestinal tract to acid when its no longer protected by mucous
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
36
Erosions or perforation in stomach and GI tract
Ulcers
37
This is the largest visceral organ in the body, weighing approximately 3 lb in an adult. Is anatomically divided into two large lobes (right and left) and two smaller lobes (caudate and quadrate)
Liver
38
What is involved in the blood flow of the liver?
- Hepatic artery
- Hepatic portal vein: which goes to the digestive tract and major abdominal organs
- Hepatic veins: valveless veins that empty into the inferior vena cava
39
What are the accessory organs of the liver?
- Gallbladder
- Exocrine pancreas
40
These organs produce digestive secretions
Liver and pancreas
41
This organ:
- synthesizes glucose, plasma proteins, and blood clotting factors
- carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- is responsible for the degradation and elimination of drugs and hormones
Liver
42
This organ supplies the insulin and glucagon needed in cell metabolism
Endocrine pancreas
43
Bilirubin is created from the breaking down of red blood cells - when this builds up in the body, yellowing of the skin and mucosal membranes occurs
Jaundice
44
This disease is characterized by the fibrosis replacement of hepatic tissue with loss of function. Symptoms include weight loss (sometimes masked by ascites which is fluid buildup in the stomach), weakness, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, jaundice, and hepatomegaly.
Cirrhosis
45
Fibrous tissue limits blood flow which can lead to hypertension in the portal vein and hepatic artery. A backup causes...
- Varicosities in esophagus and abdomen which leads to Barrett's esophagus
- Organs to enlarge spleen, pancreas, and stomach
- Ascites: fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity
46
When albumin is not produced it can cause...
Ascites: fluid accumulates in the perioneal cavity
47
Decreased protein production within the liver can cause...
- Ascites: fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity
- Decreased clotting factors
- Muscle wasting
48
Decreased glucose metabolism within the liver can cause...
Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
49
Inflammation around the gallbladder and common bile duct blocks ducts allowing bile to accumulate and move to the blood. This can cause...
- Bilirubinuria
- Pruritis: intense itching
- Jaundice
50
Inflammation around the gallbladder and common bile duct blocks the duct meaning bile does not move to the intestine. This can cause...
- Clay colored stools
- Lack of fat-soluble vitamin absorption
- Lack of fat absorption
51
An estrogen build-up can cause associated protein diet, renal failure, and infection and can cause protein levels to increase leading to...
Encephalopathy - Rapid degeneration of neurologic function that can be manifested as confusion
52
Estrogen build-up can lead to the failure to remove toxins and ammonia build-up which can lead to...
Confusion, disorientation, and hand tremors
53
What are some of the treatments for liver failure?
- Eliminating alcohol when the condition is caused by alcoholic cirrhosis
- Preventing infections
- Providing sufficient carbohydrates and calories to prevent protein breakdown
- Correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances
- Decreasing ammonia production in the gastrointestinal tract by controlling protein intake
- Liver transplant
54
This form of hepatotropic virus is spread through contaminated stool and water supply
Hepatitis A
55
This form of hepatotropic virus is spread through blood products and important that healthcare workers have the vaccine
Hepatitis B
56
This form of hepatotropic virus is spread through the community through bodily fluids and blood products - often with shared needles
Hepatitis C
57
Which hepatitis usually comes with hepatitis B
Hepatitis D
58
This form of hepatotropic virus is not very common but does spread through environmental factors
Hepatitis E
59
This stage of acute hepatitis occurs within the first two weeks
Incubation
60
This stage of acute hepatitis is when viral symptoms appear
Prodromal phase
61
This stage of acute hepatitis shows symptoms of jaundice, bilirubinuria, clay-colored stools, hepatomegaly, and RUQ pain
Icteric Phase
62
This stage of acute hepatitis involves the resolution of jaundice
Recovery phase
63
This common disorder of the biliary system involves the presence of gallstones
Cholelithiasis
64
This common disorder of the biliary system involves inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
65
This common disorder of the biliary system involves inflammation of the common bile duct
Cholangitis
66
What are the two primary factors that contribute to the formation of gallstones?
- Abnormalities in the composition of bile (particularly increased cholesterol)
- The stasis of bile
67
The formation of cholesterol stones is associated with what?
Obesity
68
What are the four F's of cholecystitis?
- Fatty
- Fertile
- Female
- Forty or fifty
69
This disease is caused by pancreatic inflammation that causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into pancreatic tissue - leads to autodigestion and activation of inflammatory processes. Treatment includes bowel rest
Pancreatitis
70
This disease occurs in children ages 4-36 months. It is 75% idiopathic, viral and bacterial infections have some association, and is an anatomic abnormality that allows peristalsis in some areas but not others allows them to telescope. Manifestations include sausage shaped abdominal mass and currant jelly stool.
Intussusception
71
Viral infections of the intestine include...
Rotavirus
72
Bacterial infections of the intestine include...
- Clostridium difficile colitis
- Escherichia coli
73
Protozoal infections of the intestine include...
E. histolytica
74
Common causes of constipation include..
- Failure to respond to the urge to defecate
- Inadequate fiber in the diet
- Inadequate fluid intake
- Weakness of the abdominal muscles
- Inactivity and bed rest
- Pregnancy
- Hemorrhoids
75
This type of intestinal obstruction can result from post operative causes such as external hernia and postoperative adhesions
Mechanical obstruction
76
This type of intestinal obstruction results from neurogenic or muscular impairment of peristalsis
Paralytic or adynamic obstruction
77
This disease is characterized by the appendix becoming inflamed, swollen, and gangrenous, and it eventually perforates if not treated. It is related to intraluminal obstruction with a fecalith (hard piece of stool), gallstones, tumors, parasites, or lymphatic tissue
Appendicitis
78
This stage of colorectal cancer is limited to the invasion of the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon with a five year survival rate of 90-100%
Stage I
79
In this stage of colorectal cancer, lymph node negative tumor infiltrates into, but not through, the muscularis propria with a five year survival rate of 80%
Stage II
80
In this stage of colorectal cancer, lymph node positive tumor in which there is invasion of the serosal layer and regional lymph node involvement with a five year survival rate of 30-50%
Stage III
81
In this stage of colorectal cancer, metastatic tumors penetrate the serosa or adjacent organs with a poor prognosis
Stage IV
82
Although the cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown, what are the two major risk factors?
Smoking and diet
83
This type of obesity is based on fat distribution within the central, abdominal areas or male obesity. Has a cardiometabolic risk.
Upper body obesity
84
This type of obesity is based on fat distribution within the peripheral, gluteal-femoral areas or known as female obesity
Lower body obesity
85
This form of endocrine dysfunction is characterized by the interference with linear bone growth and results in short stature or dwarfism
Growth hormone deficiency
86
This form of endocrine dysfunction is characterized by the increase in linear bone growth and gigantism
Growth hormone excess
87
How and where does the body get insulin?
From the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
88
What is the action of insulin?
- Provides glucose uptake by target cells
- Prevents fat and glycogen breakdown
- Increases protein synthesis
89
This term means there is too much insulin and the blood glucose is too low. Symptoms include: shaky, diaphoretic, anxious, grumpy
Hypoglycemia
90
This term means there is too little insulin and the blood glucose is too high. Symptoms include: the three P's which are polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, dry skin and mouth, lack of energy, and weight loss
Hyperglycemia
91
In this type of diabetes, ADH makes kidneys malfunction
Diabetes Insipidus
92
This type of diabetes is characterized by absolute insulin deficiency where the pancreas is incapable of producing the required insulin. Known as insulin dependent and appears in children
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
93
This type of diabetes is characterized by the impaired ability of tissues to use insulin and the impaired release of insulin - the pancreas eventually stops making insulin.
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
94
What are the measures used to diagnose diabetes?
- Hgb A1C: measure of blood glucose for the last three months
- Blood glucose monitoring: measure of blood glucose right now
- Glucose challenge test (1 hour and 3 hour): measures how your body reacts to a measured amount
- Fasting blood sugar test
95
What are the types of oral medications for Type II diabetics?
- Sulfonylureas
- Repaglinide
- Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
96
What are the types of insulin are used by both type I and II diabetics?
- Fast acting
- Medium acting
- Long acting
97
This disease is characterized by decreased metabolic rates, accumulation of hydrophilic mucopolysaccharide substance (myxedema) in the connective tissues, and elevated serum cholesterol
Hypothyroidism
98
This disease is characterized by increased metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, increased use of metabolic fuels, and increased sympathetic nervous system responsiveness
Hyperthyroidism
99
This adrenal gland disorder is is characterized by an adrenal gland insufficiency and too little cortisol production
Addison's disease
100
This adrenal gland disorder is characterized by an adrenal gland hyperactivity and too much cortisol production
Cushing's disease
