GI elimination Flashcards
elimination
excretion of waste products from kidneys and intestines
defecation
process of elimination of waste
feces
semisolid mass of fiber, undigested food, inorganic matter
dysuria
painful or difficult urination
polyuria
large amounts of urine
nocturia
frequent night urination
hesitancy
difficulty initiating urination
valsalva
person can increase the pressure to expel feces by contracting the abdominal muscles while maintaining a closed airway
what is the bowel elimination process?
fecal material reaches rectum
stretch receptors initiate contractions of sigmoid colon/rectal muscles
internal anal sphincter relaxes
sensory impulses cause voluntary “bearing down”
external sphincter relaxes
what factors affect bowel elimination/
developmental stages
personal factors
sociocultural factors
nutrition/hydration
activity
medications
surgery/procedures
pregnancy
pathological conditions
how do personal factors affect bowel elimination?
privacy is important to most people, as sufficient time
fast-paced jobs may cause a person to ignore the need to defecate
when you ignore the need, it promotes bowel dysfunction
what major thing within socialcultural facotrs affect bowel elimination?
stress
is the primary risk factor in development of IBS
IBS is associated with bloating, pain, and altered bowel function
nutrition is important in regards to bowel elimination because
several small meals tend to work better
regular schedule promotes regular elimination
high fiber promotes peristalsis and defecation by increasing bulk, bulky foods absorb fluids and increase stool mass
fluid intake is 6-8 8 ounces of water a day inadequate fluid intake can lead to hard dry stools that are difficult to pass
why is activity important in the process of elimination?
activity stimulates peristalsis
sedentary people have weaker abdominal muscles
medications typically cause what GI problems?
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
constipation
what two specific surgeries/procedures affect bowel elimination?
paralytic ileus is the cessation of bowel peristalsis, bowel continues to produce secretions which remain stagnant causing distention and discomfort
NGT tube on low or intermittent suction removes secretions until peristalsis
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pregnancy affects bowel elimination in what ways?
morning sickness can happen at any time
growing uterus crowds and displaces intestines
increase in progesterone slows motility
often experience constipation
decreased appetite
irregular food intake
hemorrhoids occur due to pressure form uterus and increased blood volume
how do pathological conditions affect bowel elimination?
cognitive conditions that limit the ability to sense the “urge”
pain or immobility that leads to sluggish peristalsis
neurological disorders that affect innervation of lower GI tract
what is the general overall goal for a patient?
have soft, formed, regular, bowel movements as well as be free of nausea, vomiting, and bloating
how do you promote regular defecation?
privacy
correct position (seated upright)
timing (often occurs after meals, some patients may need assistance)
what type of exercise promotes regular defecation?
3-5 times a week
ROM for patients on bed rest
positioning
encourage exercise
how do the kidneys maintain fluid balance within the body?
regulates the amount of make-up of the fluid inside and around the cell
continuously exchange water and hydrogen, sodium, potassium,chloride,bicarbonate, sulfate, and phosphate ions across the cell membrane
what two hormones are involved within fluid balance of the kidneys?
antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone
what occurs within fluid balance if ADH if high?
causes more water to be absorbed creating a high concentration but small volumes of urine
what occurs within fluid balance if ADH is low?
causes more water to be excreted creating a larger volume of urine
the roles of aldosterone during fluid balance include
regulation of water absorption and changes urine concentration by increasing sodium reabsorption
helps control secretion of potassium
normal urinary patterns are classified as what?
50-60 mL per hour or 1500 per day
5-6 voids a day
normal specificity of gravity within urine is what?
1.002-1.003
why would urine be blue?
medications
methyl blue from testing
describe what purple bag syndrome is..
colonized bacteria inside of collection bag
immediately d/c the foley and reinsert if present
what all does intake fluids include
semi-liquid foods
ice chips
fluids
IV fluids
tube feedings
irrigations instilled and not immediately removed
output fluid includes
fluid loss via emesis
urine output
diarrhea
drainage from suction or wounds
