GI elimination

Question 1

elimination

Answer 1

excretion of waste products from kidneys and intestines

Question 2

defecation

Answer 2

process of elimination of waste

Question 3

feces

Answer 3

semisolid mass of fiber, undigested food, inorganic matter

Question 4

dysuria

Answer 4

painful or difficult urination

Question 5

polyuria

Answer 5

large amounts of urine

Question 6

nocturia

Answer 6

frequent night urination

Question 7

hesitancy

Answer 7

difficulty initiating urination

Question 8

valsalva

Answer 8

person can increase the pressure to expel feces by contracting the abdominal muscles while maintaining a closed airway

Question 9

what is the bowel elimination process?

Answer 9

fecal material reaches rectum
stretch receptors initiate contractions of sigmoid colon/rectal muscles
internal anal sphincter relaxes
sensory impulses cause voluntary “bearing down”
external sphincter relaxes

Question 10

what factors affect bowel elimination/

Answer 10

developmental stages
personal factors
sociocultural factors
nutrition/hydration
activity
medications
surgery/procedures
pregnancy
pathological conditions

Question 11

how do personal factors affect bowel elimination?

Answer 11

privacy is important to most people, as sufficient time
fast-paced jobs may cause a person to ignore the need to defecate
when you ignore the need, it promotes bowel dysfunction

Question 12

what major thing within socialcultural facotrs affect bowel elimination?

Answer 12

stress
is the primary risk factor in development of IBS
IBS is associated with bloating, pain, and altered bowel function

Question 13

nutrition is important in regards to bowel elimination because

Answer 13

several small meals tend to work better
regular schedule promotes regular elimination
high fiber promotes peristalsis and defecation by increasing bulk, bulky foods absorb fluids and increase stool mass
fluid intake is 6-8 8 ounces of water a day inadequate fluid intake can lead to hard dry stools that are difficult to pass

Question 14

why is activity important in the process of elimination?

Answer 14

activity stimulates peristalsis
sedentary people have weaker abdominal muscles

Question 15

medications typically cause what GI problems?

Answer 15

nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
constipation

Question 16

what two specific surgeries/procedures affect bowel elimination?

Answer 16

paralytic ileus is the cessation of bowel peristalsis, bowel continues to produce secretions which remain stagnant causing distention and discomfort
NGT tube on low or intermittent suction removes secretions until peristalsis
`

Question 17

pregnancy affects bowel elimination in what ways?

Answer 17

morning sickness can happen at any time
growing uterus crowds and displaces intestines
increase in progesterone slows motility
often experience constipation
decreased appetite
irregular food intake
hemorrhoids occur due to pressure form uterus and increased blood volume

Question 18

how do pathological conditions affect bowel elimination?

Answer 18

cognitive conditions that limit the ability to sense the “urge”
pain or immobility that leads to sluggish peristalsis
neurological disorders that affect innervation of lower GI tract

Question 19

what is the general overall goal for a patient?

Answer 19

have soft, formed, regular, bowel movements as well as be free of nausea, vomiting, and bloating

Question 20

how do you promote regular defecation?

Answer 20

privacy
correct position (seated upright)
timing (often occurs after meals, some patients may need assistance)

Question 21

what type of exercise promotes regular defecation?

Answer 21

3-5 times a week
ROM for patients on bed rest
positioning
encourage exercise

Question 22

how do the kidneys maintain fluid balance within the body?

Answer 22

regulates the amount of make-up of the fluid inside and around the cell
continuously exchange water and hydrogen, sodium, potassium,chloride,bicarbonate, sulfate, and phosphate ions across the cell membrane

Question 23

what two hormones are involved within fluid balance of the kidneys?

Answer 23

antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

Question 24

what occurs within fluid balance if ADH if high?

Answer 24

causes more water to be absorbed creating a high concentration but small volumes of urine

Question 25

what occurs within fluid balance if ADH is low?

Answer 25

causes more water to be excreted creating a larger volume of urine

Question 26

the roles of aldosterone during fluid balance include

Answer 26

regulation of water absorption and changes urine concentration by increasing sodium reabsorption
helps control secretion of potassium

Question 27

normal urinary patterns are classified as what?

Answer 27

50-60 mL per hour or 1500 per day
5-6 voids a day

Question 28

normal specificity of gravity within urine is what?

Answer 28

1.002-1.003

Question 29

why would urine be blue?

Answer 29

medications
methyl blue from testing

Question 30

describe what purple bag syndrome is..

Answer 30

colonized bacteria inside of collection bag
immediately d/c the foley and reinsert if present

Question 31

what all does intake fluids include

Answer 31

semi-liquid foods
ice chips
fluids
IV fluids
tube feedings
irrigations instilled and not immediately removed

Question 32

output fluid includes

Answer 32

fluid loss via emesis
urine output
diarrhea
drainage from suction or wounds