GI Disorders

Question 1

Ingestion

Answer 1

process of taking food into digestive tract

Question 2

propulsion

Answer 2

process of moving food through GI tract
- swallowing
- peristalsis

Question 3

swallowing vs. peristalsis

Answer 3

swallowing: initiated voluntarily
peristalsis: involuntary; alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscle

Question 4

mechanical digestion

Answer 4

• chewing
• mixing with saliva (tongue)
• churning food in the stomach
• segmentation (small intestines)

Question 5

chemical digestion

Answer 5

• secreted enzymes chemically digest and breakdown food
• begins in mouth
• completed in small intestine

Question 6

absorption

Answer 6

• movement of products into blood or lymph
• primarily in small intestine

Question 7

defecation

Answer 7

excretion of indigestible material

Question 8

List the roles of salivation

Answer 8

• cleanses the mouth
• dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted
• moistens & compacts food
• contains enzymes that begin digestion of starches

Question 9

How is salivation controlled?

Answer 9

• stimulated primarily by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in response to activation of chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors
• also triggered by: sight, smell, thought of food, irritations in the lower GI tract (bacteria, spicy food, excess acid)
• sympathetic division of ANS inhibits saliva secretion

Question 10

Define xerostomia

Answer 10

dry mouth, low levels of saliva production
caused by:
- drug therapy with antihistamines, antidepressants, radiation of salivary glands

Question 11

Describe stomatitis

Answer 11

• inflammation of one or more areas of the oral mucosa

Question 12

Describe the cause of stomatitis

Answer 12

• can be due to microorganisms, trauma, chemotherapy, nutritional deficiencies; occurs in individuals with aids
• includes cold sores caused by Herpes simplex virus

Question 13

Describe angular stomatitis

Answer 13

erosive inflammation with cracking, even ulceration at the corners of the mouth

Question 14

Describe the cause of angular stomatitis

Answer 14

• risk factors include lack of vitamin B2
• iron-deficient anemia, possibly followed by secondary opportunistic fungal or bacterial infection coming from saliva
• mask wearing

Question 15

oral thrush

Answer 15

white lesions of Candida albicans on the tongue

Question 16

mumps

Answer 16

• inflammation of parotid glands (myxovirus)
• in adult males, 25% risk that the testes can be infected and increase testicular temp

Question 17

tumours of the oral cavity

Answer 17

uncommon and usually benign

Question 18

infections, stones, or tumours in the salivary glands and treatment

Answer 18

symptoms: swelling of the gland when eating (due to the production of saliva being stimulated)
treatment:
- antibiotics for infection
- dissolve the stones or use a needle to remove them

Question 19

achalasia

Answer 19

• uncommon disorder of esophageal motility
• decreased peristalsis of esophagus
• loss of tone of GE sphincter in between meals
• decreased relaxation of GE sphincter is response to swallowing
• degeneration of esophageal ganglion cells & atrophy of smooth muscle