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physio > GI digestion > Flashcards

GI digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what is mumps?

A

virus that causes high fever and swollen salivary gland

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2
Q

salivary mucocele

A

where a damaged salivary gland or duct leaks, and saliva deposits under other tissues

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3
Q

mandibular and sublingual glands secrete both

A

serous and mucus

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4
Q

What is the tonicity of saliva in non-ruminants?

A

its Hypotonic- less salt than in blood serum levels

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5
Q

what is the tonicity of saliva in ruminants?

A

isotonic- about the same NaCl concentration as the blood

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6
Q

what is the role of a-amylase?

A

to digest starch

this enzyme is only present in some species

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7
Q

what are some components of saliva? composition

A 
lingual lipase- in pup , present in all species
lysozymes- antimicrobial
antibodies
high pH and large volume in ruminants
a-amylase- only in some species
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8
Q

what are some functions of saliva?

A

lubrication
antimicrobial
cooling- cats/dogs

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9
Q

functions of saliva in ruminants

A

it is a buffer for the foregut- neutralizes the acid in the stomach
some starch and fat digestion

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10
Q

the duct system of the salivary gland does what?

A

reabsorbs Na, H20, Cl

secretes HCO3- and K

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11
Q

electrolytes in saliva depend on flow rate

A

slow flow rate= more reabsorption of Na, and low concentration of Na
-this is in nonruminants . Saliva is hypotonic to blood

ruminants have a fast secretion rate=low reabsorption
Na+ is high and about equal to that in blood serum- hense isotonic saliva

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12
Q

what does atropine do?

A

used in parasympathetic system

  • blocks cholinergic receptors
  • prevents drooling
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13
Q

the pancreas has what type of secretions?

A

exocrine and endocrine secretions
exocrine-digestion
endocrine- insulin

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14
Q

exocrine secretions by the pancreas __

A

bicarbonate

and zymogens

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15
Q

zymogens are

A

INACTIVE in the pancreas

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16
Q

centroacinar cells are the same as

A

the duct cells

they are an expansion of the duct tube into the acinus

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17
Q

pancreatic duct cells secrete

A

HCO3-

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18
Q

pancreatic acinus cells secrete

A

enzymes, such as zymogen

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19
Q

what is the role of enterokinase?

A

to cleave trypsinogen to trypsin (pancreatic zymogen)

its a protease enzyme

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20
Q

where is enterokinase found?

A

its found in the duodenum
its a protease that cleaves trypsinogen to trypsin
its activity is activated by trypsinogen
its released from the brush border by bile salts

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21
Q

what can cause acute pancreatitis?

A

premature activation of pancreatic enzymes- digestion of the pancreas
could occur after eating a fatty meal

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22
Q

what are the 3 phases of pancreatic secretion

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

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23
Q

what is cephalic stage

A

vagal stimulation, sight or smell of food
stimulates pancreas secretion- bicarbonate and enzyme secretion
parasympathetic system

this is the experiment- the horn replaces the sight of food, it causes pancreas secretions

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24
Q

what is gastric phase

A

vagovagal reflex- stomach reflex-distends
stimulates pancreas secretion
parasympathetic

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25
Q

what is the intestinal phase?

A

secretin secretions stimulated by H+
fat and protein stimulate CCK secretion
intestine distension

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26
Q

CCK stimulates what cells in the gland

A

the acinus cells of the gland

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27
Q

secretin stimulates

A

stimulates both centroacinar and duct cells
centroacinar cells and duct cells secrete HCO3- to neutralize the duodenum
high H+ stimulates production of secretin

Secretin-only function is to stimulate bicarbonate secretion in bile secretion
Secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion in the pancreas

28
Q

ACh stimulates what pancreatic duct cells

A

all of them-acinus, centroacinar, duct cells

29
Q

how does bile enter the gall bladder

A

through the bile canaliculi to the bile duct

30
Q

what are sinusoids filled with?

A

blood

31
Q

what is bilirubin

A

its dead RBC- causes jaundice if not removed from the blood

32
Q

what is the composition of bile acid?

A

bile salts
phospholipids and cholesteral
electrolytes -bicarbonate

33
Q

bile acid is synthesized from

A

cholesterol ( hydrophobic)

34
Q

cholic acid is

A

derived from cholesterol
its amphiphilic- both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
aka bile acid

35
Q

Cholecystokinin ( CCK )

A
  • contracts the gall bladder
  • opens/relaxes the sphincter of oddi
  • enters the blood in response to fat and protein

CCK regulates enzyme production and gall bladder release/contraction
Regulates the release of bile
CCK can NOT stimulate bicarbonate secretion

36
Q

ruminant and pig gall bladder and sphincter of oddi? general info

A

they have a poor developed sphincter of oddi

there is a continous secretion of bile

37
Q

since fast soluble vitamins such as A,D,E, K are absorbed as well as fats, what will happen during liver disease? in regards to the vitamins

A

there will be a vitamin K deficiency, and K is needed for coagulation

A,D,E can be stored in the body but vitamin K can not

38
Q

T or F biliary secretion provides HCO3- to the duododenum

A

true, secretin stimulates the release of HCO3-

39
Q

what is physical digestion?

A

this is the first step
where mastication occurs, breakage of food molecules and increase SA
the following step is chemical digestion

40
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

break down complex nutrients into simple monomer-simple molecules

the main chemical reaction is HYDROLYSIS

carbs, proteins, fats are polymers
glycosidic linkage- carbs
peptide bond- protein
ester bond- fats

41
Q

what are the two phases of chemical digestion?

A

luminal and membranous phase

42
Q

what is luminal phase?

A

this is where the large polymer is hydrolyzed to a small polymer

occurs in the lumen- where enzymes are active.
enzymes are from the parotid, salivary and pancreatic gland

enzymes mix with the food

43
Q

what is membranous phase?

A

small polymers are digested into monomers

monomers can be absorbed now

enzymes are from the small intestine

small polymer –> diffuse to the molecular materials “cloud of small particles”–>
enterocytes (have enzymes on the surface)

enterocytes have villus and microvilli, enzymes are located on the plasma membrane

44
Q

amylose breaks what type of bonds?

A

glycosidic bonds- carbohydrates

present mainly in the pancreas, and in the saliva of some species

can ONLY beak 1-4 glycosidic bonds- it produces dimers and trimers polymers

45
Q

Lactose (carbohydrate digestion)

A

it is a dimer- disaccharide
NOT digested in the luminal phase
digested in the membranous phase

and SUCROSE is the same

46
Q

STARCH (carbohydrate)

A

polymer

digested at the luminal phase

47
Q

what are the 3 monomers?

monosaccharide

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

48
Q

what channel transports monosaccharides to the blood

A

GLUT2

49
Q

what channel/transport brings in Galactose and glucose?

A

SGLT1-

Na-co transport

50
Q

what channel brings in fructose?

A

GLUT5

51
Q

how are proteins digested?

A

at the brush border, there are peptidase that cleave the protein

can absorb small peptides like tripeptide and dipeptide- they diffuse through the membrane
intracellular peptidase cleaves the tri and dipeptides into amino acids

free amino acid diffuse into the blood once inside the enterocytes

52
Q

Tripeptide and dipeptide are absorbed

A

by the H+ dependent transporter PEPT1

53
Q

how are amino acids absorbed?

A

via Na-cotransport

54
Q

are lipids water-soluble or insoluble?

A

they are hydrophobic- water insoluble

55
Q

critical micellar concentration is _

A

2 mM of bile salts

if below 2nM bile salts wont work?

56
Q

what are the pancreatic enzymes that digest lipids

A

colipase and lipase

57
Q

what does colipase do?

A

it clears bile acid and allows lipase to access triglycerides

secreted as pro-lipase
its activated by bile acid
binds to lipase and bile acid

58
Q

triglyceride is converted into ___ by lipade

A

2-monoglyceride

2 fatty acids

59
Q

fat acids in the intestines are coated by

A

bile acids

60
Q

Digested particles, after lipase, join with bile and form

A

micelle

61
Q

pancreatic enzyme lipase

A

is secreted in an active form

its inhibited by bile acid

62
Q

what is the lipase/co-lipase ratio?

A

1:1

63
Q

where in the GI tract are acids reabsorbed?

A

ileum

64
Q

what are chylomicrons?

A

they are vesicles filled with protein and triglycerides
they transport triglycerides to the basolateral surface

it is water-soluble
they enter the lymphatic system because blood vessels arent large enough

65
Q

what are pinocytic vesicles?

A

Specialized enterocyte have Fc receptors and the receptors trigger pinocytosis
they transport Ig/antibodies safely to the bloodstream

physio (6 decks)

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