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ICOM- GI system > GI-Biochem- Digestion & Absorption of Lipids- Wells > Flashcards

GI-Biochem- Digestion & Absorption of Lipids- Wells Flashcards

1
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A
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5
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6
Q

◦ Free fatty acids are/are not part of the diet

A

are not

Those are products of digestion

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7
Q

What matters more? The type of fat (form) or the amount?

A

fat form

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8
Q

◦ Role of sphingolipids from the diet is unclear

◦ Relatively small amounts are consumed

◦ Research suggests sphingolipids are degraded to other prior to entry into the bloodstream

A

products

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9
Q

Dietary cholesterol has little/much influence on plasma cholesterol?

A

little

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10
Q

Humans cannot synthesize fatty acids containing cis double bounds beyond what position from the end carbon?

A

9

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11
Q

Arachidonic Acid is a precursor for what two substances?

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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12
Q

Which two fatty acids are essential?

A
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13
Q

Which lipid is a storage form of energy and a major macronutrient?

A

Triacylglycerol (TAG)

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14
Q

What unsaturated liquid fats are made creamy through industrial hydrogenation.

◦ e.g. margarine

A

trans-fats

Margarine behaves like saturated fat despite the double bond.

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15
Q

What effect does trans fat have on LDL, HDL, and disease or disease prevention?

A
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16
Q

What effect does saturated fatty acid have on LDL, HDL, and disease or disease prevention?

A
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17
Q

What effect does monounsaturated fatty acid have on LDL, HDL levels and disease and/or disease prevention?

A
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18
Q

What effect does omega 6 have on LDL and HDL levels, and incidence of coronary heart disease?

A
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19
Q

What effect does omega 3 have on LDL, HDL levels and disease and/or disease prevention?

A
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20
Q

plasma cholesterol does/does not correlate with negative health outcomes and dietary cholesterol does/does not correlate with plasma cholesterol

A

does

does not

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21
Q

What 4 diseases processes are affected by increasing plasma cholesterol levels?

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Malignant neoplasms (all forms)
  3. Stroke
  4. Diabetes mellitus
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22
Q

◦Dietary cholesterol is/is not interrelated to body’s cholesterol production.

◦ Dietary cholesterol levels do/don’t relate strongly to blood levels.

◦ Levels of de novo cholesterol production will/will not compensate.

◦ Per day: 1000mg produced in liver vs. 300mg from diet.

◦ Genetics matter more/less for heart disease risk.

A

is

don’t

will

more

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23
Q

Phospholipases are in control of lipid

A

digestion

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24
Q

Review summary of digestion

A
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25
Q

Phospholipases degrade chain fatty acids

A

short

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26
Q

Which lipoprotein contains apolipoproteins, A-IV, A-I, A-V, B48, and is mostly filled with triglycerides?

A

chylomicron

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27
Q

Which lipoprotein class contains B100, E, C, and is mainly filled with triglycerides?

A

VLDL

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28
Q

Which lipoprotein consists of apolipoprotein B100 and is filled with cholesteryl esters?

A

LDL

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29
Q

Which lipoprotein is consists of A-I, E, A-II, and is filled with chlesteryl esters and is the smallest?

A

HDL

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30
Q

What are the plant cholesterol mimics and have beneficial health effects associated with steroid/hormones menopause and also lower blood cholesterol by limiting amount available to body?

A

phytosterols

act as a negative regulator and signals the body to make less cholesterol

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31
Q

What process occurs in the small intestine, involves bile, and breaksdown long chain fatty acids?

A

emulsification

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32
Q

What are the 2 main goals of emulsification?

A
  1. -Increased surface area and apply mechanical force for breakdown
  2. -Sets up enzyme access for digestion
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33
Q

How does emulsification increase surface area?

A

by breaking down the long chain fatty acids into smaller more manageable fragments

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34
Q

Bile is created in the and stored/released by the .

A

liver, gallbladder

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35
Q

Bile is mainly composed of .

A

bile salts

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36
Q

What are other components of bile other than bile salts?

A

◦ Bile Salts (61%)

◦ Fatty acids (12%)

◦ Cholesterol (9%)

◦ Proteins (7%)

◦ Phospholipids (3%)

◦ Bilirubin (3%)

◦ Others (5%)

37
Q

Emulsification of dietary lipids is the combination of what two complementary actions:

A
  • mechanical agitation
  • secretion of bile salts
38
Q

Emulsification promotes the production of increasingly smaller/larger particles, resulting in increased accessibility of lipids to digestive enzymes.

A

smaller

39
Q

Bile salts: -made in the liver - stored in the gallbladder - secreted to the

  • have properties that particles

as they become smaller, prevent them from coalescing

A

small intestine

detergent

stabilize

40
Q

Colic acid, derived from cholate, is one of two major acids that are part of

.

A

bile

41
Q

The 2 major regulating hormones for lipid digestion are:

A

cholecystokinin

secretin

42
Q

Secretin stimulates what from which organs?

A

Bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes from pancreas

bile form gallbladder

43
Q

What is the role of cholecystokinin in digestion?

A

inhibits gastric motility

stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes from pancrease and bile from gallbladder

44
Q

TAG digestion: TAG is too big/small for intestinal mucosal cells to endocytose efficiently

A

big

45
Q

What enzyme is being described:

  • an esterase, cleaves fatty acids at carbon-1 and -3, products:

2-monoacylglycerol, free fatty acid

  • represents 2 to 3% of total protein in pancreatic secretions
  • has high catalytic efficiency
A

pancreatic lipase

46
Q

What is the job of colipase and what is its ratio to pancreatic lipase?

A

it is a cofactor for pancreatic lipase with a ratio of 1:1

47
Q

How does colipase function as a cofactor for pancreatic lipase?

A

to anchor pancreatic lipase at the lipid-aqueous interface to promote pancreatic lipase enzymatic activity when inhibitory bile acids are present

48
Q

dietary cholesterol is present in two forms [85-90% (free) and 10-15% (cholesteryl ester)]

A

non-esterified

esterified

49
Q

What is the enzyme that digests esterified cholesterol (cholesteryl ester)?

A

pancreatic cholesterol esterase

50
Q

What promotes cholesterol esterase activity?

A
  • bile salts
51
Q

What happens when cholesterol esterase works on cholesterl ester?

A
  • producing cholesterol and free fatty acids
  • all cholesterol is finally non-esterified
  • increases SA
52
Q

Phospholipid digestion: ingested phospholipids are digested by removal of fatty acids by different pancreatic enzymes, producing two fatty acids and one glycerylphosphoryl base

A

sequential

two

53
Q

What are the two pancreatic enzymes that digest phospholipids?

A

Phospholipase A2

Lysophospholipase

54
Q

Which of the two phospholipid digesting enzymes is being described:

  • removes the fatty acid from position 2 to produce a lysophospholipid and a free fatty acid
A

Phospholipase A2

55
Q

Which of the two phospholipid digesting enzymes is being described:

-removes the fatty acid from position one to generate one fatty acid and one glycerylphosphoryl base

A

Lysophospholipase

56
Q

After the breakdown of the phospholipids by pancreatic enzymes, Phospholipase A2 and Lysophospholipase,

  • glycerylphosphoryl bases can be , further digested or excreted in the
A

absorbed

feces

57
Q

Control of lipid digestion:

o pancreatic secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and bile is controlled by a small peptide hormone,

o CCK is released from cells of the lower duodenum and jejunum in response to the presence of lipids and partially digested proteins.

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

mucosa

58
Q
  • CCK causes contraction of the and secretion of bile: a mixture of bile salts, phospholipids and free cholesterol
  • CCK causes cells of the pancreas to secrete hydrolytic enzymes
A

gallbladder

exocrine

59
Q

CCK also acts to decrease/increase gastric motility, reducing release rate of gastric contents to the small intestine

A

decrease

60
Q

What digestive hormone is being described:

o Small peptide hormone

o Produced by other intestinal cells other than enterocytes

o A response to the low pH of intestine entry chime

o Promotes release of bicarbonate-rich solution from the liver and pancreas into the small intestine

o Provides the appropriate pH for optimal pancreatic enzyme function

A

Secretin

61
Q

Sectretin promotes release of bicarbonate-rich solution from the and into the small intestine

A

liver

pancreas

62
Q

What is the basic structure of a micelle and what is the purpose of its formation?

A

non-polar inside

polar outside

bile salts, phospholipids, colipase, and pancreatic lipase around the core

increase SA for faster/easier breakdown

63
Q

What are 6 things that chylomicrons contain:

A

Apoliporotein B-48, B-100

fat soluble vitamins

triacylglycerol

cholesteryl ester

phospholipids

cholesterol

64
Q

What is the most abundant substance in a chylomicron?

A

triacylglycerol

65
Q

are key transporters of lipids throughout lipid metabolism in the body

A

Lipoproteins

66
Q

Liproprotein occurs in different lengths (48 vs. 100) due to editing

A

RNA

67
Q

What is a disease that cannot regulate fat storage?

A

apolipoproteinemia

68
Q

Explain the journey of chylomicrons throughout the body?

A

formed at the intenstinal epithelial cell

move into lymph to the blood

travels to and used in muscle and for fat storage in adipose tissue

remnants travel to liver for resynthesis

69
Q

HDL is generated by

and

with high/low cholesterol to the lowest/highest TAG

A

liver

intestine

lowest TAG

high cholesterol

70
Q

What lipoprotein is being described?

Delivers cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver for elimination

A

HDL

71
Q

VLDL is generated in the and has a high/low TAG level and high/low cholesterol level.

A

liver

high TAG

low cholesterol

72
Q

Which lipoprotein is being described?

Delivers endogenous TAG to peripheral tissues

A

VLDL

73
Q

generates LDL which is composed of high/low TAG and the highest/lowest cholesterol

A

VLDL

low TAG

the highest cholesterol

74
Q

The generates Chylomicrons which are composed of the

highest/lowest TAG and the highest/lowest cholesterol

A
75
Q

Which lipoprotein is being described?

Deliver dietary (exogenous) TAG to the peripheral tissues

A

chylomicrons

76
Q

◦Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)

◦ Small intestine Transfers lipid to as it is produced

◦ Small intestine Transfers lipid from the to the ER lumen (IIj) 39

◦ Liver function: transfer to

◦ Intestine function: transfer to

A

apoB-48

cytoplasm

VLDLs

chylomicrons

77
Q

What disease appears in the first few months of life, include failure to gain weight and grow at the expected rate; diarrhea; abnormal star-shaped red blood cells and fatty, foul-smelling stools that may contain large chunks of fat and/or blood. Later in childhood impairment of the CNS function, poor muscle coordination, progressive retina degeneration to near-blindness (due to deficiency of vitamin A, retinol)?

A

Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome)

78
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome)

o in the Microsomal TAG-transfer protein (MTTP or MTP)

o Autosomal – rare (~ 100 cases described)

o Near complete absence of the -containing lipoproteins

o Affects the absorption of dietary fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

A

Defect

recessive

Apo B

79
Q

What disease process is being described?

◦ Lipid malabsorption

◦ Results in increased lipid, fat-soluble vitamins, and essential fatty acids in feces

◦ Causes: lipids digestion/absorption disturbances from conditions like:

- Cystic fibrosis (causing poor digestion)

-Short bowel syndrome (causing decreased absorption)

A

Steatorrhea

excess lipids in feces

80
Q

How to treat steatorrhea or conditions that cause steatorrhea?

A

Short- and medium- chain fatty acids are important in nutrient therapy for individuals with malabsorption disorders

81
Q

What are 3 causes of steatorrhea:

A

◦ Cystic fibrosis (causing poor digestion)

◦ Short bowel syndrome (causing decreased absorption)

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

82
Q

Gallstones can also obstruct the common bile duct, causing to backflow into blood draining from the liver. In this manner, bilirubin levels increase. The eyes take up this pigment and look jaundiced. Inflammation from a cystic duct obstruction and cholecystitis can also cause analogous, but milder, symptoms.

A

bilirubin

venous

83
Q

may result from sickle-cell anemia, which is caused by increased/decreased red blood cell destruction in the spleen and an inability of the liver to conjugate all the available resulting from heme degradation.

A

Cholecystitis

increased

bilirubin

84
Q

◦ Pancreatitis may result from alcohol abuse

◦ Leads to problems within the intestine

A

chronic

malabsorption

85
Q

The drug is a chemically synthesized derivative of lipostatin, a natural lipase found in certain bacteria. The drug works in the intestinal lumen and forms a covalent bond with the active site serine residues of both gastric and pancreatic, inhibiting their activities.

A

orlistat

inhibitor

lipase

86
Q

excessive nondigested fat in the intestines can lead to GI from excess gas formation.

A

distress

(like from using orlistat)

87
Q

◦ A patient has been taking an experimental drug to reduce weight. The drug leads to significant steatorrhea and some night-blindness. A potential target of this drug is which one of the following?

◦ A) LPL activity ◦ B) Albumin synthesis ◦ C) Glucagon release ◦ D) Insulin release ◦ E) Cholecystokinin release

A

◦ E) Cholecystokinin release

◦ Night-blindness results from lack of fat-soluble vitamin A absorption caused by defects in lipase, colipase, or defects in release of cholecystokinin. 48

88
Q

Chylomicrons and VLDL contain overlapping sets of apolipoproteins. The apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 are similar with respect to which one of the following?

◦ A) They are synthesized from the same gene. ◦ B) They are derived from alternative splicing of the same hnRNA. ◦ C) Apo B-48 is a proteolytic product of Apo B-100. ◦ D) Both are found in mature chylomicrons. ◦ E) Both are found in VLDL.

A

◦ A) They are synthesized from the same gene.

◦ ApoB-48 and apoB-100 are both derived from the apoB gene, through mRNA editing.

89
Q
A

ICOM- GI system (12 decks)

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