GI A&P

Question 1

Review the old biomed and anatomy GI Lectures

Answer 1

:)

Question 2

The esophageal mucosa is different than
the rest of the GI tract: it is composed of
thick, ______

Answer 2

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 3

The esophagus passes through the ____
of the diaphragm

Answer 3

Esophageal Hiatus

Question 4

As the esophagus connects to the stomach, the mucosa changes from
____ to secretory ____

Answer 4

squamous cells; columnar epithelium

Question 5

What is the junction called where the mucosa of the esophagus changes?

Answer 5

Squamocolumnar Junction (important with GERD, cancer)

Question 6

The Chyme in the stomach then passes
through the _____, a thick layer of smooth
muscle that regulates entry of material into the duodenum

Answer 6

Pyloric Sphincter

Question 7

The stomach lining is composed of numerous fold called ____

Answer 7

Gastric Rugae

Question 8

Pyloric stenosis can lead to____

Answer 8

projectile vomitting (babies)

Question 9

What do the rugae do for the stomach?

Answer 9

allow the stomach to expand significantly when
food enters, and then return to the normal J-shape when it is empty again

Question 10

Surface Mucous Cells secrete ____

Answer 10

mucin (Mucus)

Question 11

Mucous Neck Cells also secrete ____ to
protect the gland itself from the acid.

Answer 11

mucin

Question 12

Parietal Cells produce _____
which denatures proteins

Answer 12

Hydrochloric Acid (ph 2.0)

Question 13

Chief Cells secrete ____- denatures proteins

Answer 13

Pepsinogen (which becomes
Pepsin)

Question 14

Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECL Cells) secrete
_____, which activates Parietal Cells.

Answer 14

Histamine

Question 15

D Cells secrete ______

Answer 15

somatostatin

Question 16

____ is the first 25 cm of the small intestine

Answer 16

The Duodenum

Question 17

Inside the villi are rich
networks of _____

Answer 17

capillaries composed of Venules,
Arterioles, and Lacteals

Question 18

Explain why there is a countercurrent blood flow in the intestinal villi

Answer 18

the close proximity of arterial and
venous blood results in a shunting of oxygen, with up to 80% of oxygen bypassing the villi epithelium

Question 19

Layers of the GI wall

Answer 19

○ Mucosa: is in contact with food, absorption of nutrients
○ Submucosa: contains blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and nerves
○ Muscularis
■ Longitudinal Smooth Muscle
■ Circular Smooth Muscle
○ Serosa: Protective connective Tissue

Question 20

the primary region for
nutrient absorption

Answer 20

Jejunum

Question 21

T/F the Jejunum and Illeum are both completely
intraperitoneal and is suspended in the abdomen by the mesentery

Answer 21

T

Question 22

Importance of the ileocecal valve

Answer 22

Acts as a sphincter that
primarily prevents fecal contents
from the colon from going back
into the small intestines

Question 23

Appendix characteristics

Answer 23

This intraperitoneal structure is thin,
hollow, and finger-like, lined by small
lymphatic nodules

Question 24

This region is a common area of
inflammation with Crohn’s Disease

Answer 24

The Ileocecal Junction, and functionally is named the ileocecal Valve

Question 25

the colon absorbs _____ from the remaining digested material.

Answer 25

water and electrolytes

Question 26

_____ are fatty lobules that hang off the colon.

Answer 26

Epiploic appendages

Question 27

_____ are bands of muscle that run longitudinally along the colon

Answer 27

Teniae coli

Question 28

The ____ is a muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation.

Answer 28

rectum

Question 29

The neural sensation that suggests the need for a bowel movement is triggered by ______

Answer 29

expansion of the rectum

Question 30

T/F the rectum is part of the intestines

Answer 30

T

Question 31

____ are normal structures of the anorectum

Answer 31

Hemorrhoidal Venous Cushions

Question 32

What do Hemorrhoidal Venous Cushions do?

Answer 32

○ Serve to protect the anal sphincter, aid in closure of the anal canal, and provide sensory information ○ Located in an area with many sensory nerve endings

Question 33

T/F Hemorrhoidal Venous Cushions are only present in adulthood

Answer 33

F - Present in utero and persist through adulthood

Question 34

Part of the distal anastomosis between the superior rectal arteries and the rectal veins

Answer 34

Hemorrhoidal Venous Cushions

Question 35

Two main types of movements occur in the GI tract:

Answer 35

○ Propulsive Movements- Cause food products to move forward along the tract at an appropriate rate to accommodate digestion and absorption. ○ Mixing Movements- Keep the intestinal contents thoroughly mixed at all times.

Question 36

____ in particular increases GI motility.

Answer 36

Motilin

Question 37

the purpose of gastrointestinal movement

Answer 37

to enhance digestion of ingested food products and to move food through the GI tract to facilitate absorption and excretion of waste products.

Question 38

Congenital absence of the myenteric plexus (Hirschsprung's Disease) results in the inability to _____

Answer 38

produce peristaltic movements of the intestines

Question 39

Mixing movements and peristalsis both require two things:

Answer 39

an intact Myenteric Plexus of the Enteric Nervous System, as well as a fully functional Autonomic Nervous System

Question 40

The three main branches of the Celiac Trunk are

Answer 40

○ Common Hepatic Artery ○ Left Gastric Artery ○ Splenic Artery

Question 41

Immediately inferior to the Celiac Trunk emerges the _____

Answer 41

Superior Mesenteric Artery.

Question 42

Superior Mesenteric Artery supplies the blood to:

Answer 42

○ Most of the small intestine ○ The pancreas ○ The proximal half of the large intestine

Question 43

The branches of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery supply blood to the following tissues

Answer 43

○ The descending colon ○ The sigmoid colon ○ The rectum

Question 44

The two main types of GI blood flow modulators include:

Answer 44

○ Gut Activity / Metabolic Factors- ■ Release of vasodilators ■ Decreased O2 concentration ○ Nervous System Input- ■ Autonomic Nervous System

Question 45

The _____ is a potential space

Answer 45

Peritoneal cavity

Question 46

The ____ Peritoneum lines the inside surface of the body wall

Answer 46

Parietal

Question 47

The ____ Peritoneum covers the surface of the internal organs

Answer 47

Visceral

Question 48

_____: Pulling fluid from the peritoneal cavity to test (diagnostic) or drain excess fluid (therapeutic)

Answer 48

Paracentesis

Question 49

Accessory Digestive Structures include:

Answer 49

○ Liver ○ Gallbladder ○ Network of ducts ● The Pancreas

Question 50

These Accessory organs and structures produce _____

Answer 50

secretions that facility chemical digestion

Question 51

The liver makes up __% of an adults body weight

Answer 51

2

Question 52

When needed for digestion, Bile (from the liver and gallbladder) and Digestive Enzymes (from the pancreas) enter the duodenum via the ____

Answer 52

Major Duodenal Papilla

Question 53

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that is considered a mixed gland, meaning ____

Answer 53

it has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Question 54

When Chyme (that contains fat and protein) reaches the Duodenum, duodenal epithelial cells secrete ____

Answer 54

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 55

CCK acts by

Answer 55

○ Triggering vagal nerve stimulation ○ Acting directly on the gallbladder with ACh

Question 56

The Cystic Duct attaches to the ___ and carries bile to and from the gallbladder

Answer 56

Common Hepatic Duct

Question 57

After the Cystic Duct and Common Hepatic Duct merge to become the Common Bile Duct, the Pancreatic Duct then merges as well, creating the _____

Answer 57

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla