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GI Exam 1 > GI A&P > Flashcards

GI A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Review the old biomed and anatomy GI Lectures

A

:)

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2
Q

The esophageal mucosa is different than
the rest of the GI tract: it is composed of
thick, ______

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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3
Q

The esophagus passes through the ____
of the diaphragm

A

Esophageal Hiatus

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4
Q

As the esophagus connects to the stomach, the mucosa changes from
____ to secretory ____

A

squamous cells; columnar epithelium

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5
Q

What is the junction called where the mucosa of the esophagus changes?

A

Squamocolumnar Junction (important with GERD, cancer)

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6
Q

The Chyme in the stomach then passes
through the _____, a thick layer of smooth
muscle that regulates entry of material into the duodenum

A

Pyloric Sphincter

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7
Q

The stomach lining is composed of numerous fold called ____

A

Gastric Rugae

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8
Q

Pyloric stenosis can lead to____

A

projectile vomitting (babies)

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9
Q

What do the rugae do for the stomach?

A

allow the stomach to expand significantly when
food enters, and then return to the normal J-shape when it is empty again

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10
Q

Surface Mucous Cells secrete ____

A

mucin (Mucus)

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11
Q

Mucous Neck Cells also secrete ____ to
protect the gland itself from the acid.

A

mucin

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12
Q

Parietal Cells produce _____
which denatures proteins

A

Hydrochloric Acid (ph 2.0)

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13
Q

Chief Cells secrete ____- denatures proteins

A

Pepsinogen (which becomes
Pepsin)

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14
Q

Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (ECL Cells) secrete
_____, which activates Parietal Cells.

A

Histamine

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15
Q

D Cells secrete ______

A

somatostatin

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16
Q

____ is the first 25 cm of the small intestine

A

The Duodenum

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17
Q

Inside the villi are rich
networks of _____

A

capillaries composed of Venules,
Arterioles, and Lacteals

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18
Q

Explain why there is a countercurrent blood flow in the intestinal villi

A

the close proximity of arterial and
venous blood results in a shunting of oxygen, with up to 80% of oxygen bypassing the villi epithelium

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19
Q

Layers of the GI wall

A

○ Mucosa: is in contact with food, absorption of nutrients
○ Submucosa: contains blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and nerves
○ Muscularis
■ Longitudinal Smooth Muscle
■ Circular Smooth Muscle
○ Serosa: Protective connective Tissue

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20
Q

the primary region for
nutrient absorption

A

Jejunum

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21
Q

T/F the Jejunum and Illeum are both completely
intraperitoneal and is suspended in the abdomen by the mesentery

A

T

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22
Q

Importance of the ileocecal valve

A

Acts as a sphincter that
primarily prevents fecal contents
from the colon from going back
into the small intestines

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23
Q

Appendix characteristics

A

This intraperitoneal structure is thin,
hollow, and finger-like, lined by small
lymphatic nodules

24
Q

This region is a common area of
inflammation with Crohn’s Disease

A

The Ileocecal Junction, and functionally is named the ileocecal Valve

25
Q

the colon absorbs _____ from the remaining digested material.

A

water and electrolytes

26
Q

_____ are fatty lobules that hang off the colon.

A

Epiploic appendages

27
Q

_____ are bands of muscle that run
longitudinally along the colon

A

Teniae coli

28
Q

The ____ is a muscular tube that
readily expands to store
accumulated fecal material prior
to defecation.

A

rectum

29
Q

The neural sensation that suggests
the need for a bowel movement is
triggered by ______

A

expansion of the rectum

30
Q

T/F the rectum is part of the intestines

A

T

31
Q

____ are normal structures of the
anorectum

A

Hemorrhoidal Venous Cushions

32
Q

What do Hemorrhoidal Venous Cushions do?

A

○ Serve to protect the anal sphincter, aid in closure of the anal canal,
and provide sensory information
○ Located in an area with many sensory nerve
endings

33
Q

T/F Hemorrhoidal Venous Cushions are only present in adulthood

A

F - Present in utero and persist through adulthood

34
Q

Part of the distal anastomosis between the
superior rectal arteries and the rectal veins

A

Hemorrhoidal Venous Cushions

35
Q

Two main types of movements occur in the GI tract:

A

○ Propulsive Movements- Cause food products to move forward along the tract at an
appropriate rate to accommodate digestion and absorption.
○ Mixing Movements- Keep the intestinal contents thoroughly mixed at all times.

36
Q

____ in particular increases GI motility.

A

Motilin

37
Q

the purpose of gastrointestinal movement

A

to enhance digestion of ingested food products and to move food through
the GI tract to facilitate absorption and excretion of waste products.

38
Q

Congenital absence of the myenteric plexus
(Hirschsprung’s Disease) results in the
inability to _____

A

produce peristaltic movements of
the intestines

39
Q

Mixing movements and peristalsis both
require two things:

A

an intact Myenteric Plexus of the
Enteric Nervous System, as well as a fully
functional Autonomic Nervous System

40
Q

The three main branches of the
Celiac Trunk are

A

○ Common Hepatic Artery
○ Left Gastric Artery
○ Splenic Artery

41
Q

Immediately inferior to the Celiac Trunk
emerges the _____

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery.

42
Q

Superior Mesenteric Artery supplies the blood to:

A

○ Most of the small intestine
○ The pancreas
○ The proximal half of the large
intestine

43
Q

The branches of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery supply blood to the following tissues

A

○ The descending colon
○ The sigmoid colon
○ The rectum

44
Q

The two main types of GI blood flow
modulators include:

A

○ Gut Activity / Metabolic Factors-
■ Release of vasodilators
■ Decreased O2 concentration
○ Nervous System Input-
■ Autonomic Nervous System

45
Q

The _____ is a potential space

A

Peritoneal cavity

46
Q

The ____ Peritoneum lines the inside surface
of the body wall

A

Parietal

47
Q

The ____ Peritoneum covers the surface of
the internal organs

A

Visceral

48
Q

_____: Pulling fluid from the peritoneal cavity to test (diagnostic) or drain excess fluid
(therapeutic)

A

Paracentesis

49
Q

Accessory Digestive Structures include:

A

○ Liver
○ Gallbladder
○ Network of ducts
● The Pancreas

50
Q

These Accessory organs and
structures produce _____

A

secretions that facility chemical digestion

51
Q

The liver makes up __% of an adults body weight

A

2

52
Q

When needed for digestion, Bile (from the liver
and gallbladder) and Digestive Enzymes (from
the pancreas) enter the duodenum via the ____

A

Major Duodenal Papilla

53
Q

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that is considered a mixed gland, meaning ____

A

it has both endocrine and exocrine functions

54
Q

When Chyme (that contains fat and protein)
reaches the Duodenum, duodenal epithelial
cells secrete ____

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

55
Q

CCK acts by

A

○ Triggering vagal nerve stimulation
○ Acting directly on the gallbladder with ACh

56
Q

The Cystic Duct attaches to the ___ and carries bile to and from the
gallbladder

A

Common
Hepatic Duct

57
Q

After the Cystic Duct and Common Hepatic Duct
merge to become the Common Bile Duct, the
Pancreatic Duct then merges as well, creating the _____

A

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla

GI Exam 1 (5 decks)

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