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Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Histology > GI A + H > Flashcards

GI A + H Flashcards

1
Q

the transpyloric plane exists at what vertebral level

A

L1

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2
Q

the subcostal plane exists at what vertebral level

A

L3

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3
Q

the transtubercular plane exists at what vertebral level

A

L5

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4
Q

the interspinous plane exists at what vertebral level

A

S2

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5
Q

neurovascular bundles in the abdominal wall run between which muscular layers

A

transversus abdominis

internal oblique

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6
Q

name the superficial lymph nodes that drain the abdomen and thorax as well as the landmark that delineates to which nodes lymph will drain

A

the transumbilical plane is the demarcating feature
above the transumbilical plane: axillary and parasternal lymph nodes
below the transumbilical plane: superficial inguinal lymph nodes

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7
Q

identify the deep lymph nodes that drain the abdomen

A

external iliac nodes
common iliac nodes
lumbar (caval or aortic nodes)

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8
Q

identify the venous drainage of the abdomen

A

thoracoepigastric vein
peri-umbilical vein
superficial epigastric vein

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9
Q

what forms the median umbilical fold?

A

Median umbilical ligament

remnant of urachus

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10
Q

what forms the medial umbilical fold?

A

medial umbilical ligament

remnant of obliterated umbilical arteries

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11
Q

what forms the lateral umbilical folds?

A

inferior epigastric arteries and veins

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12
Q

the supravesicular fossa is defined by what abdominal features

A

median umbilical fold and

medial umbilical fold

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13
Q

the medial inguinal fossa is defined by what abdominal features

A

medial umbilical fold and

lateral umbilical fold

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14
Q

the lateral umbilical fossa is defined by what abdominal features

A

lateral umbilical fold and

lateral body wall

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15
Q

the deep inguinal ring lies in what fascial layer?

A

transversalis fascia

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16
Q

what makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal (lateral 1/3 to medial 1/3/superficial ring)

A

transversalis fascia
transversalis fascia
conjoint tendon plus reflected inguinal ligament

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17
Q

what makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal (lateral 1/3 to medial 1/3)

A 
internal oblique + lateral crus of external oblique
external oblique aponeurosis (lateral crus and intercrural fibers)
external oblique (intercrural fibers) with the aponeurosis continuing as external spermatic fascia
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18
Q

what makes up the roof of the inguinal canal (lateral 1/3 to medial 1/3)

A

transversalis fascia
muscluo-aponeurotic arches (Internal Oblique and T.A.)
medial crus of external oblique

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19
Q

what makes up the floor of the inguinal canal (lateral 1/3 to medial 1/3)

A

iliopubic tract
inguinal ligament
lacunar ligament

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20
Q

parietal peritoneum is sensitive to what stimuli?

A

pressure, pain, temperature

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21
Q

visceral peritoneum is sensitive to what stimuli?

A

stretch and chemical irritation

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22
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the epiploic foramen?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament and portal triad

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23
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the epiploic foramen?

A

inferior vena cava

right crus of diaphragm

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24
Q

what is the superior boundary of the epiploic foramen?

A

caudate lobe of liver

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25
what is the inferior boundary of the epiploic foramen?
1st part of the duodenum
26
list the different ligaments that comprise the greater omentum
gastrophrenic ligament gastrosplenic ligament gastrocolic ligament
27
list the different ligaments that comprise the lesser omentum
``` gastrohepatic ligament hepatoduodenal ligament (contains portal triad) ```
28
what structures are anterior to the lesser sac
lesser omentum stomach gastrocolic ligament
29
what structures are posterior to the lesser sac
pancreas left suprarenal gland left kidney
30
what structures are superior to the lesser sac
liver | diaphragm
31
what structures are inferior to the lesser sac
transverse mesocolon | 1st part of duodenum
32
what structures are to the left of the lesser sac
hilum of spleen | gastrosplenic ligament
33
what structures are to the right of the lesser sac
epiploic foramen opens into greater sac
34
list the structures contained within the supracolic compartment
stomach liver spleen
35
list the structures contained within the infracolic compartment
small intestine ascending colon descending colon
36
what allows communication between the infracolic and supracolic compartments
paracolic gutters
37
the tail of the pancreas is at what vertebral level?
L1
38
the head of the pancreas is located at what vertebral level?
L2
39
what lies anterior to pancreas
lesser sac | stomach
40
what lies posterior to pancreas
``` aorta IVC splenic vein bile duct right crus of diaphragm left kidney and vessels left suprarenal gland SMV ```
41
what lies to the right of the pancreas
2nd part of duodenum
42
what lies to the left of the pancreas
spleen
43
what lies inferior to the pancreas
3rd part of duodenum
44
In the portal - caval anastomoses, describe the esophageal vein anastomosis
portal - esophageal v. from left gastric vein | caval - esophageal v. from azygos vein
45
in the portal - caval anastomoses, describe the umbilical anastomosis
portal - para-umbilical vein | caval - inferior epigastric vein
46
in the portal - caval anastomoses, describe the rectal anastomosis
portal - superior rectal | caval - inferior rectal and middle rectal
47
in the portal - caval anastomoses, describe the visceral anastomosis
portal - inferior and superior mesenteric veins | caval - posterior abdominal wall veins and diaphragm veins
48
what is renal vein entrapment syndrome?
AKA nutcracker syndrome | downward traction of SMA can compress left renal vein (can also compress 3rd part of duodenum)
49
list the components of the foregut
``` esophagus stomach duodenum (first and second parts) liver pancreas biliary aparatus gallbladder ```
50
list the components of the midgut
``` duodenum (second, third and fourth parts) jejunum ileum cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon (proximal 2/3) ```
51
list the components of the hindgut
``` transverse colon (distal 1/3) descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anal canal (above pectinate line) ```
52
what is the origin of the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut
pelvic splanchnic nerves
53
describe the sympathetic innervation of the foregut
preganglionics: thoracic splanchnic nerves (T5-9; greater splanchnic nerve) postganglionic cell bodies: celiac ganglion
54
describe the sympathetic innervation of the midgut
preganglionics: lesser and least splanchnic nerves | postganglionic cell bodies: superior mesenteric ganglion
55
describe the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut
preganglionics: lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2) | postgnaglionic cell bodies: inferior mesenteric ganglion
56
what sort of vascular changes and GI motility changes are elicited by sympathetic activity
vasoconstriction, inhibition of peristalsis
57
pelvic splanchnic nerves are derived from anterior rami of spinal nerves from what levels?
S2-S4
58
describe the two principal components of the enteric nervous system of the GI tract
myenteric plexus - motility | submucosal plexus - secretion, absorption
59
describe the various components of the parasympathetic division of the ANS in the GI tract
anterior/posterior vagal trunks pelvic splanchnic nerves autonomic plexuses with periarterial plexuses enteric nervous system
60
list the things that touch the stomach anteriorly
anterior abdominal wall diaphragm left lobe of the liver
61
list the things that touch the stomach posteriorly
``` diaphragm spleen left suprarenal left upper kidney pancreas transverse colon transverse mesocolon omental bursa ```
62
list the features of the first part of the duodenum
hepatoduodenal ligament
63
list the features of the second part of the duodenum
retroperitoneal | bile duct and pancreatic ducts enter at duodenal papilla
64
list the features of the third part of the duodenum
retroperitoneal superior mesenteric artery and vein + root of mesentery cross anteriorly head of pancreas is superior
65
list the features of the fourth part of the duodenum
becomes intraperitoneal posterior: left margin of aorta and psoas major muscle suspensory ligament of duodenum
66
is the jejunum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal
intra
67
is the ileum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal
intra
68
is the duodenum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal
1 - 2- retro 3 - retro 4 - intra
69
where is the jejunum located in the 4 quadrant system
left upper quadrant
70
where is the ileum located in the 4 quadrant system
right lower quadrant
71
3 bands of longitudinal muscle on the large intestine are called what
tenia coli
72
the product of tenia coli are
haustra/sacculations
73
what structures lie anterior to the spleen
stomach | tail of pancreas
74
what structures lie posterior to the spleen
diaphragm
75
what structures lie inferior to the spleen
left colic flexure
76
what structures lie medial to the left spleen
left kidney
77
list the lobes of the liver
left right caudate quadrate
78
where does the gallbladder contact the anterior abdominal wall
9th costal cartilage
79
in general the organization of the digestive tube can be organized into 4 layers. what are those 4 layers
mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa/adventitia
80
what are the subcomponents of the mucosa, generally speaking
epithelium lamina propria muscularis mucosae
81
what are the subcomponents of the muscularis externa in general when referring to the digestive tract
inner circular layer | outer longitudinal layer
82
what layer of the digestive tract supplies the mucosa with nerve vascular and lymphatic supply
submucosa
83
the nerves and vasculature supplying the muscularis externa lie in what layer
between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
84
visceral afferent cell bodies are present in what layer of the GI tract
muscularis externa (plexus of auerbach/myenteric plexus)
85
sympathetic efferent fiber cell bodies are present in what layer of the GI tract
submucosa (meissner's plexus/submucosal plexus)
86
presynaptic parasympathetic fibers run in what layer of the GI tract
``` muscularis externa myenteric plexus (auerbach's plexus) ```
87
the epithelium of the esophagus is best described as what
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
88
describe the muscularis mucosae of the esophagus
not present mostly | becomes present near the stomach
89
what sort of glands are present in the esophagus
mucosa --> cardiac esophageal glands in the lamina propria | submucosa --> tubuloacinar glands (esophageal glands proper)
90
describe the epithelium of the stomach
simple columnar without goblet cells
91
GERD can lead to what sort of esophageal abnormality?
Barrett Esophagus
92
rugae are most present where
greater curvature | pylorus
93
describe the muscularis mucosae of the stomach
in the esophagus its almost nonexistent but in the stomach there is an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
94
describe the layering of the muscularis externa in the stomach
inner oblique middle circular --> forms the pyloric sphincter outers longitudinal the aurbach plexus runs in between these two layers
95
where do we find the most G cells
pylorus
96
where do we find the deepest gastric pits
pylorus
97
where do we find the most parietal and chief cells
pylorus
98
what secretes pepsin
chief cell
99
what secretes HCl
parietal cell
100
where in the gland are parietal cells located
upper segment of gastric gland and near the neck
101
where in the gland do we find chief cells
predominate in lower 1/3 of the gland
102
where do we find the most peyer's patches
ileum
103
where do we find brunner's glands?
only in duodenum
104
M cells are generally found where?
overlying the lymphoid tissue of the gut (GALT)
105
what is the function of the paneth cells?
bottom of the crypts, they have prominent eiosinophilic apical granules. defensive function
106
how can you tell the difference between the enteroendocrine cells and paneth cells
granules subnucularly in the enteroendocrine cells
107
what do enteroendocrine cells do
``` secrete local enzymes CCK Gastrin Secretin each one only secretes one enzyme though ```

Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Histology (1 decks)

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