Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Histology > GI A + H > Flashcards

GI A + H Flashcards

1
Q

the transpyloric plane exists at what vertebral level

A

L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the subcostal plane exists at what vertebral level

A

L3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the transtubercular plane exists at what vertebral level

A

L5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the interspinous plane exists at what vertebral level

A

S2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

neurovascular bundles in the abdominal wall run between which muscular layers

A

transversus abdominis

internal oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name the superficial lymph nodes that drain the abdomen and thorax as well as the landmark that delineates to which nodes lymph will drain

A

the transumbilical plane is the demarcating feature
above the transumbilical plane: axillary and parasternal lymph nodes
below the transumbilical plane: superficial inguinal lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

identify the deep lymph nodes that drain the abdomen

A

external iliac nodes
common iliac nodes
lumbar (caval or aortic nodes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

identify the venous drainage of the abdomen

A

thoracoepigastric vein
peri-umbilical vein
superficial epigastric vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what forms the median umbilical fold?

A

Median umbilical ligament

remnant of urachus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what forms the medial umbilical fold?

A

medial umbilical ligament

remnant of obliterated umbilical arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what forms the lateral umbilical folds?

A

inferior epigastric arteries and veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the supravesicular fossa is defined by what abdominal features

A

median umbilical fold and

medial umbilical fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the medial inguinal fossa is defined by what abdominal features

A

medial umbilical fold and

lateral umbilical fold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the lateral umbilical fossa is defined by what abdominal features

A

lateral umbilical fold and

lateral body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the deep inguinal ring lies in what fascial layer?

A

transversalis fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal (lateral 1/3 to medial 1/3/superficial ring)

A

transversalis fascia
transversalis fascia
conjoint tendon plus reflected inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal (lateral 1/3 to medial 1/3)

A 
internal oblique + lateral crus of external oblique
external oblique aponeurosis (lateral crus and intercrural fibers)
external oblique (intercrural fibers) with the aponeurosis continuing as external spermatic fascia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what makes up the roof of the inguinal canal (lateral 1/3 to medial 1/3)

A

transversalis fascia
muscluo-aponeurotic arches (Internal Oblique and T.A.)
medial crus of external oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what makes up the floor of the inguinal canal (lateral 1/3 to medial 1/3)

A

iliopubic tract
inguinal ligament
lacunar ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

parietal peritoneum is sensitive to what stimuli?

A

pressure, pain, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

visceral peritoneum is sensitive to what stimuli?

A

stretch and chemical irritation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the epiploic foramen?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament and portal triad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the epiploic foramen?

A

inferior vena cava

right crus of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the superior boundary of the epiploic foramen?

A

caudate lobe of liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the inferior boundary of the epiploic foramen?

A

1st part of the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

list the different ligaments that comprise the greater omentum

A

gastrophrenic ligament
gastrosplenic ligament
gastrocolic ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

list the different ligaments that comprise the lesser omentum

A 
gastrohepatic ligament
hepatoduodenal ligament (contains portal triad)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what structures are anterior to the lesser sac

A

lesser omentum
stomach
gastrocolic ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what structures are posterior to the lesser sac

A

pancreas
left suprarenal gland
left kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what structures are superior to the lesser sac

A

liver

diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what structures are inferior to the lesser sac

A

transverse mesocolon

1st part of duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what structures are to the left of the lesser sac

A

hilum of spleen

gastrosplenic ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what structures are to the right of the lesser sac

A

epiploic foramen opens into greater sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

list the structures contained within the supracolic compartment

A

stomach
liver
spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

list the structures contained within the infracolic compartment

A

small intestine
ascending colon
descending colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what allows communication between the infracolic and supracolic compartments

A

paracolic gutters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the tail of the pancreas is at what vertebral level?

A

L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the head of the pancreas is located at what vertebral level?

A

L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what lies anterior to pancreas

A

lesser sac

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what lies posterior to pancreas

A 
aorta
IVC
splenic vein
bile duct
right crus of diaphragm
left kidney and vessels
left suprarenal gland
SMV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what lies to the right of the pancreas

A

2nd part of duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what lies to the left of the pancreas

A

spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what lies inferior to the pancreas

A

3rd part of duodenum

44
Q

In the portal - caval anastomoses, describe the esophageal vein anastomosis

A

portal - esophageal v. from left gastric vein

caval - esophageal v. from azygos vein

45
Q

in the portal - caval anastomoses, describe the umbilical anastomosis

A

portal - para-umbilical vein

caval - inferior epigastric vein

46
Q

in the portal - caval anastomoses, describe the rectal anastomosis

A

portal - superior rectal

caval - inferior rectal and middle rectal

47
Q

in the portal - caval anastomoses, describe the visceral anastomosis

A

portal - inferior and superior mesenteric veins

caval - posterior abdominal wall veins and diaphragm veins

48
Q

what is renal vein entrapment syndrome?

A

AKA nutcracker syndrome

downward traction of SMA can compress left renal vein (can also compress 3rd part of duodenum)

49
Q

list the components of the foregut

A 
esophagus
stomach
duodenum (first and second parts)
liver
pancreas
biliary aparatus
gallbladder
50
Q

list the components of the midgut

A 
duodenum (second, third and fourth parts)
jejunum
ileum
cecum
appendix
ascending colon
transverse colon (proximal 2/3)
51
Q

list the components of the hindgut

A 
transverse colon (distal 1/3)
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal (above pectinate line)
52
Q

what is the origin of the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

53
Q

describe the sympathetic innervation of the foregut

A

preganglionics: thoracic splanchnic nerves (T5-9; greater splanchnic nerve)
postganglionic cell bodies: celiac ganglion

54
Q

describe the sympathetic innervation of the midgut

A

preganglionics: lesser and least splanchnic nerves

postganglionic cell bodies: superior mesenteric ganglion

55
Q

describe the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut

A

preganglionics: lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2)

postgnaglionic cell bodies: inferior mesenteric ganglion

56
Q

what sort of vascular changes and GI motility changes are elicited by sympathetic activity

A

vasoconstriction, inhibition of peristalsis

57
Q

pelvic splanchnic nerves are derived from anterior rami of spinal nerves from what levels?

58
Q

describe the two principal components of the enteric nervous system of the GI tract

A

myenteric plexus - motility

submucosal plexus - secretion, absorption

59
Q

describe the various components of the parasympathetic division of the ANS in the GI tract

A

anterior/posterior vagal trunks
pelvic splanchnic nerves
autonomic plexuses with periarterial plexuses
enteric nervous system

60
Q

list the things that touch the stomach anteriorly

A

anterior abdominal wall
diaphragm
left lobe of the liver

61
Q

list the things that touch the stomach posteriorly

A 
diaphragm
spleen
left suprarenal
left upper kidney
pancreas
transverse colon
transverse mesocolon
omental bursa
62
Q

list the features of the first part of the duodenum

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

63
Q

list the features of the second part of the duodenum

A

retroperitoneal

bile duct and pancreatic ducts enter at duodenal papilla

64
Q

list the features of the third part of the duodenum

A

retroperitoneal
superior mesenteric artery and vein + root of mesentery cross anteriorly
head of pancreas is superior

65
Q

list the features of the fourth part of the duodenum

A

becomes intraperitoneal
posterior: left margin of aorta and psoas major muscle
suspensory ligament of duodenum

66
Q

is the jejunum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

67
Q

is the ileum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

68
Q

is the duodenum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

A

1 -
2- retro
3 - retro
4 - intra

69
Q

where is the jejunum located in the 4 quadrant system

A

left upper quadrant

70
Q

where is the ileum located in the 4 quadrant system

A

right lower quadrant

71
Q

3 bands of longitudinal muscle on the large intestine are called what

A

tenia coli

72
Q

the product of tenia coli are

A

haustra/sacculations

73
Q

what structures lie anterior to the spleen

A

stomach

tail of pancreas

74
Q

what structures lie posterior to the spleen

75
Q

what structures lie inferior to the spleen

A

left colic flexure

76
Q

what structures lie medial to the left spleen

A

left kidney

77
Q

list the lobes of the liver

A

left
right
caudate
quadrate

78
Q

where does the gallbladder contact the anterior abdominal wall

A

9th costal cartilage

79
Q

in general the organization of the digestive tube can be organized into 4 layers. what are those 4 layers

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa/adventitia

80
Q

what are the subcomponents of the mucosa, generally speaking

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

81
Q

what are the subcomponents of the muscularis externa in general when referring to the digestive tract

A

inner circular layer

outer longitudinal layer

82
Q

what layer of the digestive tract supplies the mucosa with nerve vascular and lymphatic supply

83
Q

the nerves and vasculature supplying the muscularis externa lie in what layer

A

between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

84
Q

visceral afferent cell bodies are present in what layer of the GI tract

A

muscularis externa (plexus of auerbach/myenteric plexus)

85
Q

sympathetic efferent fiber cell bodies are present in what layer of the GI tract

A

submucosa (meissner’s plexus/submucosal plexus)

86
Q

presynaptic parasympathetic fibers run in what layer of the GI tract

A 
muscularis externa
myenteric plexus (auerbach's plexus)
87
Q

the epithelium of the esophagus is best described as what

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

88
Q

describe the muscularis mucosae of the esophagus

A

not present mostly

becomes present near the stomach

89
Q

what sort of glands are present in the esophagus

A

mucosa –> cardiac esophageal glands in the lamina propria

submucosa –> tubuloacinar glands (esophageal glands proper)

90
Q

describe the epithelium of the stomach

A

simple columnar without goblet cells

91
Q

GERD can lead to what sort of esophageal abnormality?

A

Barrett Esophagus

92
Q

rugae are most present where

A

greater curvature

pylorus

93
Q

describe the muscularis mucosae of the stomach

A

in the esophagus its almost nonexistent but in the stomach there is an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

94
Q

describe the layering of the muscularis externa in the stomach

A

inner oblique
middle circular –> forms the pyloric sphincter
outers longitudinal
the aurbach plexus runs in between these two layers

95
Q

where do we find the most G cells

96
Q

where do we find the deepest gastric pits

97
Q

where do we find the most parietal and chief cells

98
Q

what secretes pepsin

A

chief cell

99
Q

what secretes HCl

A

parietal cell

100
Q

where in the gland are parietal cells located

A

upper segment of gastric gland and near the neck

101
Q

where in the gland do we find chief cells

A

predominate in lower 1/3 of the gland

102
Q

where do we find the most peyer’s patches

103
Q

where do we find brunner’s glands?

A

only in duodenum

104
Q

M cells are generally found where?

A

overlying the lymphoid tissue of the gut (GALT)

105
Q

what is the function of the paneth cells?

A

bottom of the crypts, they have prominent eiosinophilic apical granules. defensive function

106
Q

how can you tell the difference between the enteroendocrine cells and paneth cells

A

granules subnucularly in the enteroendocrine cells

107
Q

what do enteroendocrine cells do

A 
secrete local enzymes
CCK
Gastrin
Secretin
each one only secretes one enzyme though

Gastrointestinal Anatomy and Histology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions