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Semester 3 > GI 9 infection > Flashcards

GI 9 infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of anaerobes?

A

Obligate and facultative - Obligate die in the presence of oxygen. Facultative prefer oxygen but can live without it e.g.. many gram-neg enteric bacteria such as E. Coli and gram-pos skin dwellers such as Staphylococcus

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2
Q

Where are the anaerobic zones in the GIT?

A

Parts of the bout - on the tongue deep in tast buds, fluid films including biofilm between teeth, gingival crevice areas and in people with peridontal disease they live in peridontal pockets
Small bowel
Colon

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3
Q

How were mitochondria developed in evolution?

A

At some stage an aerobic bacterium was taken into an anaerobic bacterium and formed an organelle which later became a mitochondrium

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4
Q

What do human colonic bacteria do?

A

Synthesize and excrete vitamins that are absorbed by host. Vit K, B12, thiamine and many other Bs.
Prevent colonisation by pathogens
kill non-indignous bacteria
Stimulate development of MALT (in caecum and Peyer’s patches)
Stimulate production of natural antibodies

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5
Q

What problems do ‘germ-free’ animals develop?

A

Vitamin deficiencies, esp K and B12
Increased susceptibility to infectious disease
Poorly developed immune system, esp in GIT
Lack of natural antibody or natural immunity to bacterial infection

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6
Q

What are the 2 common endospores?

A

Bacilus anthrax

Clostridium tetani

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7
Q

How do E coli stick to the bladder wall?

A

Using pili

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8
Q

What are the common anaerobes in the mouth?

A 
Streptococci
staphylococci
candida
lactobacius
enterococcus
700 species therefore human bite can be fatal
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9
Q

WHat is Noma/cancrum oris?

A

Mouth bacteria can cause tissue destruction if individual is malnourished, dehydrated, immunocompromised or systemically unwell

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10
Q

What microorganism causes oral thrush?

A

Candida albicans

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for oral thrush?

A 
Newborns
Diabetes
Antibiotics
Inhaled steroids
Immune deficiency
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12
Q

What is the treatment for oral thrush?

A

Amphotericin lozenges

Nystatin suspension

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13
Q

What causes dental caries/gingivitis?

A

The teeth are colonised by the mouth bacteria plus Strptococcus mutans

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14
Q

What usually causes Ludwig’s angina?

A

Usually strptococcal

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15
Q

What microorganism usually causes parotitis?

A

Staph aureus

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16
Q

What are the 2 common bacteria in the nose?

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
(many others)

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17
Q

What are teh 3 sites for MRSA screening swabs?

A

Nos, throat and perineum

18
Q

What microorganisms are always in the throat?

A

Strep viridans
Staphylococci
Neisseria meningitidis

19
Q

WHat other microorganisms are common in the throat?

A 
Strp pyogenes
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzea
Lactobacilli
Corynebacterium diptheria
Candida albicans
20
Q

What is the significance Strep viridans?

A

Non-pathogenic throat commensal
During procedures such as teeth brushing, dental procedures and general anaesthesia, may enter blood stream
May stick to prostheses such as heart valves, vascular grafts, orthopardic implants and cause infection. Prostheses don’t have the anti-bacterial sticking armour that cells have

21
Q

What is the difference between bactereamia and septicaemia?

A

Bacteraemia - the bacteria are rapidly cleared from the bloodstream (by liver/spleen macrophages). No symptoms produced
Seticaemia - bacteria are not cleared, multiply in the blood stream. Sepsis symptoms develop

22
Q

What microorganisms commonly cause tonsillitis?

A

70% viral - andenovirus, rhinovirus, Epstein-barr

30% bacterial mainly Strp pyogenes (Beta-haemolytic)

23
Q

What is quinsy?

A

Complication of tonsillitis. Collection of pus develops between the back of one of your tonsils and the wall of your throat

24
Q

What is oesophageal candidiasis?

A

Opportunistic infection of the oesophagus by candida albicans. Usually in immunocompromised patients

25
Q

WHat % of people infected with h pylori develop gastric/duodenal ulcers?

A

10-20%

26
Q

What bacteria are always present in the colon?

A

Bacteroides fragilis, bacteroides oralis, bacteroides melaninogeicus (95-99%)
E Coli
Enterococcus faecalis

27
Q

What are the other common colonic bacilli?

A 
-ve:
Pseudomonas
Proteus
Klebsiella
Salmonella
Shigella
Vibrio cholera
Campylobacter
\+ve:
Lactobacillus
28
Q

What is ‘dirty surgery’?

A

Operation on the gut. High risk of wound infection

29
Q

What is wound dehiscence?

A

Surgical complication in which wound opens along surgical sutures

30
Q

What types of organisms for prophylactic antibiotics need to cover?

A

Anaerobes

Gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci

31
Q

What is usually used to treat surgical wound infection (prophylactically)?

A

Metroniadazole kills anaerobes. So one regimen is metroniadazole plus a broad spectrum sntibiotic such as gentamicin or a cephalosporin
Alternatively, co-amoxiclav

32
Q

What type of antibiotic is Augmentin?

A

Penicillin

33
Q

What is the mortality rate of faecal peritonitis?

A

50% even in fit young people

34
Q

What colonic bacteria may be present on perineal skin?

A

Bacteroides - cannot survive oxygen
E coli - can survive
Enterococcus faecalis - can survive
Lactobacillus - can survive

35
Q

What is Lactobacillus?

A

Gram + bacillus. Normal vaginal commensal. Converts glycogen to lactic acid. Acid environment prevents other bacteria and candida albicans growing

36
Q

What broadspectrum antibiotic treatment kills lactobacilli?

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Leads to vaginal thrush

37
Q

What bacteria are usually present in the colon?

A

Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides oralis, Bacteroides melaninogenicus (95-99%)
E coli
Enterococcus faecalis

38
Q

What are the 3 types of Clostridia and what do they cause?

A

Tetani - drumstick appearance due to presence of endospores. Causes tetanus
Difficile - Pseudomembranous colitis
Perfringens - Gas/wet gangrene

39
Q

What is risks sardonicus?

A

Lock jaw/abnormal sustained spasming of the facial muscles producing a characteristic smile.

40
Q

What is opisthotonus?

A

Severe hyperflexion - “bridging” or “arching”

41
Q

Explain the mechanism by which Clostridium perfringens causes gas/wet gangrene.

A

Anaerobic digestion of glucose leads to ethanol + CO2 (fluid plus gas) therefore wet or gas gangrene.

Semester 3 (19 decks)

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