GI

Question 1

Movable intraluminal masses of congealed ingested materials that are seen on upper gastrointestinal radiographs are known as gastric ______________.

Answer 1

bezoars

Question 2

The gastric ___________ is an out growth of tissue from the wall.

Answer 2

polyp

Question 3

The most common tumor of the stomach is the

Answer 3

leiomyoma

Question 4

____________ is the result of luminal obstruction and inflammation, leading to ischemia of the vermiform appendix.

Answer 4

Acute appendicitis

Question 5

The normal appendix can occasionally be visualized with gradual ___________ on sonography.

Answer 5

compression

Question 6

The ultrasound pattern of acute appendicitis is characterized by a(n) ____________ appearance of the appendix in transvese view.

Answer 6

target-shaped

Question 7

A(n) _________ designates gross enlargment of the appendix from accumulation of mucoid substance within the lumen.

Answer 7

mucocele

Question 8

_______________ is regional enteritis, a recurrent granulomatous inflammatory disease that affects the terminal ileum, colon, or both at any level.

Answer 8

Crohn’s disease

Question 9

The appendix is located on the abdominal wall under __________________

Answer 9

McBurney’s point

Question 10

The sonographer usually cannot see the small bowel with ultrasound; the valvulae conniventes may be seen as linear echo densities spaced 3 to 5 mm apart. This is called the “_________________” and can be seen in the duodenum and jejunum.

Answer 10

keyboard sign

Question 11

The gastric ____________ can be seen as a target shape in the midline.

Answer 11

antrum

Question 12

The _____________ junction is seen on the sagittal scan to the left of the midline as a bull’s-eye or target-shaped structure anterior to the aorta, posterior to the left lobe of the liver, and inferior to the hemidiaphragm.

Answer 12

gastroesophogeal

Question 13

List the sequential parts of the digestive system.

Answer 13

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), larg intestine (cecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon, rectum)

Question 14

The lower end of the esophagus is a circular muscle that acts as a sphincter, constricting the tube so that the entrance to the stomach, at the ______, is generally closed. This helps to prevent gastric acid from moving up into the esophagus.

Answer 14

cardiac orifice

Question 15

The pylorus is further subdivided into the _____________, the ____________ canal, and the ______________ sphincter.

Answer 15

antrum, pyloric, pyloric

Question 16

The duodenum is subdivided into four segments: 1_______________, 2______________, 3____________, 4_______________.

Answer 16

superior, descending, transverse, ascending

Question 17

The duodenal bulb is peritoneal, supported by the hepatoduodenal ligament, and passes _____________ to the CBD, gastroduodenal artery, common hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and head of the pancreas.

Answer 17

anterior

Question 18

The CBD joins the pancreatic duct to enter the ____________.

Answer 18

ampulla of Vater

Question 19

The arteries that supply the esophagus include the inferior ____________ branch of the _____________ artery that supplies the uppper esophagus; the descending _____________ aorta that supplies the midesophagus; and the __________ branch of the celiac axis and the left inferior __________ artery of the abdominal aorta that supplies the lower end of the esophagus.

Answer 19

thyroid, subclavian, thoracic, gastric, phrenic

Question 20

The __________ outlines the small intestine and contains th superior mesenteric vessels, nerves, lymphatic glands, and fat between its two layers.

Answer 20

mesentery

Question 21

The nutrients are transpored to the liver after they are absorbed by the ___________; the liver processes and stores the nutrients.

Answer 21

blood

Question 22

The three layers of smooth muscle in the wall enable the stomach to mash and churn food and move it along with

Answer 22

peristalsis

Question 23

Gastric glands secrete gastric juice containing ______ acid and ___________.

Answer 23

hydrochloric, enzymes

Question 24

The hormone __________, which is released by the stomach mucosa, stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Answer 24

gastrin

Question 25

Gastrointestinal hormones include _____________ and ________________.

Answer 25

cholecystokinin, secretin

Question 26

______________ within the large intestine devour the chyme and in turn produce vitamines that can be absorbed and used by the body.

Answer 26

Bacteria

Question 27

The most common laboratory data the sonographer may come across in a patient with gastrointestinal disease relate to the presence of _____________ in the stool.

Answer 27

blood

Question 28

As a result of chronic blood loss, _____________ may be present.

Answer 28

anemia

Question 29

Hormone secreted into the blood by the mucosa of the upper small intestine; stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pancreatic secretion of enzymes.

Answer 29

cholecystokinin

Question 30

Rhythmic dilation and contraction of the gastrointestinal tract as food is propelled through it.

Answer 30

peristalsis

Question 31

Located by drawing a line from the right anterosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus; at approximatel the midpoint to this line lies the root of the appendix.

Answer 31

McBurney's point

Question 32

Process of nutrient molecules passing through the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph system

Answer 32

absorption

Question 33

Endocrine hormone released from the stomach; stimulates secretion of gastric acid

Answer 33

gastrin

Question 34

Localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue

Answer 34

abscess

Question 35

Released from small bowel as antacid; stimulates secretion of bicarbonate

Answer 35

secretin

Question 36

Calcified deposit within the appendix; appendicitis can develop when the appendix becomes blocked by hard fecal matter

Answer 36

fecalith

Question 37

Pouchlike herniation through the muscular wall of a tubular organ that occurs in the stomach, the small intestine or, most commonly, the colon

Answer 37

diverticulum

Question 38

Malignancy of the lymph nodes, spleen, or liver

Answer 38

lymphoma

Question 39

Dilated fluid-filled bowel loops without peristalsis

Answer 39

paralytic ileus

Question 40

Characteristic of gastrointestinal wall thickening consisting of an echogenic center and a hypoechoic rim

Answer 40

target sign

Question 41

Collection of blood

Answer 41

hemorrhage

Question 42

Site of maximal tenderness in the right lower quadrant; usually with appendicitis

Answer 42

McBurney's sign

Question 43

Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdomen

Answer 43

ascites

Question 44

Congenital sac or blind pouch found in the lower portion of the ileum

Answer 44

Meckel's diverticulum

Question 45

Fecalith or calcification located in the appendix

Answer 45

appendicolith

Question 46

Small tumor-like growth that projects from a mucous membrane surface

Answer 46

polyp

Question 47

Inflammation of the bowel, accompanied by abscess and bowel wall thickening

Answer 47

Crohn's disease

Question 48

Ascending colon arises from the right lower quadrant to bend at this point to form the transverse colon

Answer 48

hepatic flexure

Question 49

First part of the duodenum

Answer 49

duodenal bulb

Question 50

Double fold of the peritoneum attached to the duodenum, stomach, and large intestine; helps support the greater curvature of the stomach; known as the "fatty apron"

Answer 50

greater omentum

Question 51

Help support the greater curvature of the stomach

Answer 51

gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic, and lienorenal ligaments

Question 52

Fold from the parietal pertoneum that attaches to the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 52

mesentery

Question 53

Also known as the digestive tract; includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestine

Answer 53

alimentary canal

Question 54

Inner folds of the small intestine

Answer 54

villi

Question 55

Entrance of the esophagus into the stomach

Answer 55

cardiac orifice

Question 56

First layer of bowel

Answer 56

mucosa

Question 57

Helps support the lesser curvature of the stomach

Answer 57

gastrohepatic ligament

Question 58

The transverse colon travels horizontally across the abdomen and bends at this point to form the descending colon

Answer 58

splenic flexure

Question 59

One of the layers of the bowel, under the mucosal layer; contains blood vessels and lymph channels

Answer 59

submucosa

Question 60

Normal segmentation of the wall of the colon

Answer 60

haustra

Question 61

Suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver; help to support the lesser,curvature of the stomach

Answer 61

lesser omentum

Question 62

Muscle that connects the stomach to the proximal duodenum

Answer 62

pyloric canal

Question 63

Fourth layer of bowel; thin, loose layer of connective tissue, surrounded by mesothelium covering the intraperitoneal bowel loops

Answer 63

serosa

Question 64

Third layer of bowel

Answer 64

muscularis

Question 65

Normal segmentation of the small bowel

Answer 65

valvulae conniventes

Question 66

Inner folds of the stomach wall

Answer 66

rugae

Question 67

Fifth layer of bowel

Answer 67

mesothelium