GI Flashcards
what is achlasia
when lower oesophageal sphincter can’t relax
benign esophageal stricture
narrowing or tightening of the esophagus that causes swallowing difficulties
Bulbar palsy is what kind of lesions
lower motor lesions
bulbar palsy symptoms
dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) difficulty in chewing nasal regurgitation slurring of speech difficulty in handling secretions choking on liquids dysphonia (defective use of the voice, inability to produce sound due to laryngeal weakness) dysarthria (difficulty in articulating words due to a CNS problem)
pharyngeal pouch symptoms
Age (over 70 years). Dysphagia. Regurgitation. Aspiration. Cough.
achlasia symptoms
Backflow (regurgitation) of food.
Chest pain, which may increase after eating, or may be felt as pain in the back, neck, and arms.
Cough.
Difficulty swallowing liquids and solids.
Heartburn.
Unintentional weight loss.
what is gilberts syndrome
when liver does not process bilirubin
what is raised in hepatitis
alt and ast
what is raised in alcoholic liver
ast
what to do if over 55 and recent reflux?
urgent referral to endoscopy
acronym ALARM for reasons for referral to endscopy
Anemia Loss of weight Anorexia Recent progressive symptoms Malena or haematemesis
symptoms of dyspepsia
upper abdo pain
belching
bloating
N/V
what is odynophagia
painful swallowing
what can odynophagia be associate with?
horse voice
coughing mid swallow could indicate what?
bulbar palsy
what could neck bulging when drinking signify?
pharyngeal pouch
what could intermittent pain signify?
- abnormal contractions
- esophageal spasm
two causes of reguritation
- motility disorder
- malignancy /blockage
repeated falls…think
hepatic encephalopathy –> from toxic build up from the liver
what can cause ascites?
- liver chirrhosis
2. portal hypertension
can liver failure cause odema?
yes
2 cause of hypothyroidism
low iodine in diet
hashimotos
how to treat hypothyroidism?
levothyroxine (t4)
anti body for primary billary cirrhosis
anti-mitochondrial antibodies
what enzyme is raised in primary billary cirhosis?
ALP
what antibody is associated with auto-immune hepatitis?
anti-smooth muscle
what is angiodysplasia
small vascular malformation of the gut
what is a symptoms of angiodysplasia?
bleeding
anemia
what is diverticulitis
where pockets become inflamed and infected
symptoms of diverticulitis
*sudden, painless bleeding
Tenderness, cramps, or pain in the abdomen (usually in the lower left side but may occur on the right) that is sometimes worse when you move.
Fever and chills.
A bloated feeling, abdominal swelling, or gas.
Diarrhea or constipation.
Nausea and sometimes vomiting.
Loss of appetite.
what is a mallory weiss tear?
tear where oesophagus meets stomach
symptoms of perforated gastric ulcer
Develop sudden, sharp abdominal pain.
Have a rigid, hard abdomen that is tender to touch.
Have symptoms of shock, such as fainting, excessive sweating, or confusion.
Hypotension
Vomit blood or have blood in your stool (especially if it is maroon or dark, tarry black)
symptoms of mallory weiss tear
abdominal pain
vomiting up blood, which is called hematemesis
involuntary retching
bloody or black stools
primary biliary cirrhosis symptoms
bone or joint aches fatigue itchy skin dry eyes and mouth problems sleeping pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the tummy dizziness when standing up
pancreatitis symptoms
Upper abdominal pain. Abdominal pain that radiates to your back. Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating. Fever. Rapid pulse. Nausea. Vomiting. Tenderness when touching the abdomen.
symptoms of variceal bleed
Vomiting and seeing significant amounts of blood in your vomit.
Black, tarry or bloody stools.
Lightheadedness.
Loss of consciousness (in severe case)
