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Medical Surgical 2 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

GI begins

A

Mouth- teeth, tongue, salivary glands
Esophagus- 10’ carry food to stomach
Stomach- located in ULQ(LUQ) food turn to liquid called chyme, pyloric sphincter keep food from backing into esophagus
Small intestine- 3 parts, duodenum, jejunum,ilium
Large intestine- ascending, transverse, descending illeoCecal valve keeps food from backing into small intestine

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2
Q

Abdomen

A

Inspect- assess contour while pt. Laying supine
Auscultate-listen for bowel sounds 1 full min every quadrant UR, UL, LL,LR
Palpate-assess for destention and tenderness measure abdominal girth
Percussion- produces sound of organs performed by MD or advance nurse

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3
Q

Assess stole specimen

A

Check for blood, T.A.C.O

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4
Q

Lab test

A

Hemoglobin/ hematocrit

12-16/38-46 for women

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5
Q

Electrolytes

A

K =3.5-5.5
Ca=8-10.5
NA=135-145

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6
Q

Carcinomembryonic (CEA)

A

Cancer marker, antigen determines cancer

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7
Q

Fecal analysis

A

Stool sample is collected 3 different times check for hidden blood
Blue color =positive using guaic test

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8
Q

Occult

A

Check for blood in stool

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9
Q

Ova & parasite

A

OMP, stool checked for intestinal infection. Bring to lab within 30 min of collecting for testing

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10
Q

Steatorahea

A

Check for fat in stool, collect stool for 3 days

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11
Q

X ray K U B

A

Kidney urethra and bladder..flat plate of abdomen

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12
Q

Upper GI series

A

Looks at esophagus into jejunum. Check for iodine or shellfish allergies. Swallow barium. Detects strictures, ulcers, tumors. Have to give a laxative after. Stool may be clay colored for 3 days

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13
Q

Lower GI series

A

Visualize position, movement of filling in colon. Given go-Lytely. Check for return of gag reflexes

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14
Q

Ct scan

A

3 demential view of the abdominal structure. NPO prior to procedure. Check for iodine and shellfish allergies.

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15
Q

Endoscopy

A

Viewing of oral cavity

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16
Q

Esophagogastroduodenscopy (EGD)

A

View of the stomach, esophagus, and duodenum for inflammation cancer and bleeding. Place pt. On left side to prevent aspirations, check vs. NPO and check for fever, bleeding and pain.

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17
Q

Proctosigmoidoscopy

A

Visualize sigmoid, rectum and anal canal for ulcer, punctures, lacerations, tumors and polyps. Give laxative night before. After position place in supine position to prevent orthostatic hypertension.

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18
Q

Colonoscopy

A

Looks at large intestine. Encourage pt to take deep breath, position on left side, with knees up. Monitor for hemorrhage or severe pain, vasovagil response.
Watch for below b/p

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19
Q

Gastric analysis

A

Measure secretions in stomach for duodenal ulcers cancer obstruction and pernicious

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20
Q

Basal cell secretion

A

Acid from stomach check ph and amount. NG tube in inserted in stomach, and hooked to a suction every 15min for 1 hour.. (4x)

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21
Q

Gastric acid stimulation

A

Measure gastric acid for 1 hour after SQ histamine is given

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22
Q

Endoscopic ultrasonography

A

Performed via endoscope using sound waves to detect tumors

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23
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Non invasive test to visualize everything. Contraindicated in obese, pt. Claustrophobic, pace maker, orthopedic hardware, internal metal, all Jewelry and medication patch with metal must be removed. Procedure takes 90 min. May heard loud clinging sounds but ear phones may be used.

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24
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth. S/S pain burning ulcer bleeding gums bad odor.
Treatment- good oral hygiene, topical med, antibiotics,

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25
Q

Candidiasis

A

Mild fungal infection( thrush). Treat with nystatin swish and swallow

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26
Q

Esophageal varicose

A

Tortuous dilated veins in lower esophagus caused by portal hypertension. Treatment is sciorosing, placement of sengitation- Blackmore tube for tamponade. Keep scissors bed side in case gastric ballon dislodge.

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27
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm and into thorax. Possible causes, ascites, turn yellow, pregnancy.
S/S heart burn, difficulty swallowing, dysphasia. Treatment include anatacid, elevate bed for 1hr. Avoid caffeine, smoking, constricted clothing

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28
Q

Cancer of oral cavity

A

Occur anywhere in mouth or throat. S/S difficulty swallowing, chewing, experience hoarseness or cough, swollen cervical lymph nodes, filling of fullness, pain after eating

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29
Q

Cancer of the esophagus

A

Malignant tumors of the esophagus. Risk factors smoking, alcohol, poor oral hygiene,spicy food.

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30
Q

GI tube

A

Purpose is to provide nourishment, meet nutritional needs, administer mess that can not be swallowed, remove gas secretions, control bleeding, promote healing

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31
Q

Example of transabdominal

A

Gastronomy and jejunostomy tubes

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32
Q

Dyspepsia digestion

A

Imperfect indigestion caused by rapid ingestion s/s heartburn passing gas filling of gas treatment put on bland diet administer antispasmodic teach pt to modify current eating habit especially spicy foods evaluate the rising of the larynx.

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33
Q

Acute gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach caused by indigestion or corrosive substance. S/s burning pain anorexic headache nausea vomiting diarrhea and hemorrhage diagnostic test.. gastroscope treatment administer antiacid

34
Q

Chronic gastritis

A

Occur over time the stomach mucosa thins and atrophied causing difficulty absorbing nutrition causes stomach cells not secreting s/s asymptotic treatment vitamin b12
Type b, cause by p. Pyloric bacterial affection s/s heart burn poor appetite belching NV and sour taste

35
Q

GERD

A

Gastric secretions of stomach that back into esophagus and damage esophagus something causes the esophagus sphincter not to close fast enough s/s heart burn regurgitation dysphagia. Medication proton pump inhibitor ex.prilosec switch to low fat high protein diet and avoid caffeine alcohol and avoid laying down for 2 hour after meals.

36
Q

Peptic ulcer disease(pud)

A

Erosion of the mucosal and sub mucosal surface of the lining of upper GI tract caused by h.pyloric factors are stress eating to fast smoking hereditary medications as nsaids salicylate and steroids.s/s named by location.

37
Q

Stress ulcers

A

Stress response to illness causing reduced blood flow resulting in ischemic damage to mucosa

38
Q

Cancer of stomach

A

Malignant tumor second most common in world higher in men.

39
Q

Colon cancer

A

Most common type in u.s.

40
Q

Morbid obesity

A

Bariastric surgery refers to surgery for morbid obesity. People more then 100 pounds over weight. And interferes with adl’s.

41
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Decrease bp increase pulse rate. Caused by dislodged clot.

42
Q

Gastric distention

A

Always measure abdominal girth. Block in ng tube

43
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Vitamin b 12 deficiency

44
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

Rapid emptying of large amounts of food into small bowel without proper mixing of food with digestive juices.

45
Q

Ostomy

A

Surgical created opening, that is diverted into stool or urine to the outside of the body through an opening on the abdomen called a stoma

46
Q

Stoma

A

That part of the bowel sutured into the stomach

47
Q

Ileostomy

A

Stools are liquid. Contain digestive enzymes that are harmful to the skin. Cover with bag.

48
Q

Colostomy

A

Name according to where the bowel is formed ..ascending transverse descending or sigmoid..

49
Q

Constipation

A

Causes narcotics

50
Q

Diarrhea

A

Fecal matter passes fast through intestines

Acute caused by bacterial /viral infections.

51
Q

Malabsorption disorder

A

Cause is celiac disease .it is the inability to observe nutrients.
Celiac disease is intolerance to gluten protein found in grains such as wheat rye oats and barely
S/s steatorrhea, flatulence, cramping,loose stools

52
Q

Inflammation bowel disease UBS

A

Diverticulum.. outpouching or sac in the bowel mucosa
Diverticulosis..the disease where there are multiple outpouching in the colon. Most frequently in sigmoid
Diverticulitis… complecation occur when fecal matter penetrate the thin walled diverticula.
Brat diet.. banana rice applesauce toast can not have pop corn for snack.

53
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Dilated varicose veins of the anus.
Internal, external, thrombosis
S/s itching, pain, bleeding, bowel problems
Proper diet, sitz bath

54
Q

Pilonidal cyst or sinus

A

Lesion or opening located in the cleft of the buttocks. Treatment.. meticulous wound care pack and drain, teach pain control

55
Q

Antiacid

A

-Peptobismol.. cause GI bleeding, teach pt. Stool becomes black.
-Interfere with absorption of many meds
-Magnesium base not given to renal pt. Causes to have diarrhea
-Take to neutralize acid in stomach hydrochloride acid
Do not take with in 1 hr of medications

56
Q

Maalox

A

Cause toxicity in pt with renal problems.

Contraindicated with pt with renal problems.

57
Q

Tums

A

Can’t eat a lot of them at once.

58
Q

Anti diarrhea

A

Biggest problem electrolyte imbalance with diarrhea. Young and elderly are at greatest risk. Assess frequency of changes ,monitor fluid imbalance and dehydration.

59
Q

Emodium

A

Works well with diarrhea use with caution with renal and liver pt.

60
Q

Lamota

A

Used for diarrhea…Anitcholenergic because it has atropine combined with opioids and atropine. Do not give to pt with glaucoma.

61
Q

Anti emetic

A

Vomiting can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Works in different trigger zones in the CNS. Causes Drowsiness ,dry mouth ,abscess swelling of tissue with injection. Monitor heart rate and bp. Ex. Zofran, Dramamine,

62
Q

Anti flatulent

A

Used for gas. Have the pt. Walk to help gas pass.positioning can cause. Auscultation bowel sounds

63
Q

Anti ulcer

A

Histamine 2 receptor blockers. Suppressed secretion of gastric acid, decrease peptic acid. Monitor epigastric and chest pain. Older pt look for confusion. Med is effective when pt no longer complain of pain. Ex. Tagament … must be taken 1 hr of other drug. Dosage in older or renal may be reduced taken as prescribed. Sudden discontinuation cause chronic ulceration.

64
Q

Proton pump inhibitor ppi

A

Suppress gastric acid secretions. Used for peptic ulcer, erosive esophagitis. Assess epigastric and chest pain. Ex. Prilosec Prevacid protinect.

65
Q

Sucrafate/carafate

A

Activate gastric acid form a gel over the ulcer.

66
Q

Prostaglandin e

A

Inhibits acid increase mucus and by carbonate produce blood flow and promotes mucosa repair. Reduce pt on high dose nsaids. Administer pc.. to reduce incident of diarrhea assess epigastric or chest pain. Coffee ground colored. ex. Cytocet.

67
Q

Emetic

A

Makes you vomit. Use in Concious pt ,drug over dose or ingested poison. Nurse need to know What kind of substance was ingested. Make sure pt up right and turned on side for aspiration monitor heart rate and rhythm. Ex. Syrup of Ipecac,

68
Q

GI stimulants

A

Increases mortility in GI tract. Use pt. With Gerd ,post op ,nausea ,vomiting. Ex. Reglin, asses bowel sound look for abdominal distention.

69
Q

Laxatives

A

Induce bowel illumination more rapid effect then stool softener. Stronger drug act quickly to produce stool will be semi liquid. Treatment of constipation. Bulk forming ex. Metamucil, colace.

70
Q

Hyper osmotic agent

A

Osmotic action in colon and causes retention of fluid. Ex. Glycerin suppository. Go lytely. Usually used prior to procedures. Long term cause to be dependent .assess bowel sounds and abdominal distention. Obstruction or abdominal pain do not use.

71
Q

Accessory organs of digestive system

A

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

72
Q

Liver

A

Liver is located in the center right abdomin
Receives oxygenated blood from hepatic artery.carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid metabolism.
Phagocytosis… kupffer cells in the liver destroy bacteria that circulate through the liver from colon. cortisol stores glucose in the liver as glycogen. Consist of carbs,fat, protein. Old rbc are destroyed and formed into bilirubin. Store iron and b12.

73
Q

Gallbladder

A

Muscular sac 3-4 inches long. Located under left lobe of the liver. Hormone cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder to empty bile

74
Q

Pancreas

A

6inches long URQ. Exocrine and endocrine. Three pancreatic enzymes amylase lipase tri.. exocrine comes with digestion

75
Q

Assessing liver pancreas gallbladder

A

Ask what questions. Assess changes in bowel,list all medications, changes in appetite, family history. Social history.

  • Inspect on abdominal for striae,bruising, caput medusae, jaundice
  • Auscultation all 4 quads full minute.
  • percussion done by md or advance nurse
  • palpating depress abdomen 1/2-1 inch
76
Q

Type b hepatitis

A

enteric blood precautions. Teach pt and family about precautions.

77
Q

Fulminant acute liver failure

A

Fatal liver disorder. Symptoms hepatic coma. Change in liver size, encephalopathy…Cause usually drug toxicity or HBV. Assess neurological status.

78
Q

CHEAP

A

Clotting defect-risk for DIC/hemorrhage … hepatorenal syndrome…encephalopathy..ascites..portal hypertension

79
Q

Cardiac liver failure

A

Caused by pulmonary hypertension

80
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Death occur from secondary causes..alcohol abuse.. s/s epigastric luq pain

81
Q

Cancer of the pancreas

A

5th leading cause of death

Medical Surgical 2 (1 decks)

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