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Histology > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q 
1.
Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains the gut associated lymphatic 
tissue?
a. Mucosa
b. Submucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Muscularis mucosae
e. Serosa
A

Answer: a

The layers of the GI tract are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia.

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. The mucosa consists of a lining epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. Gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) is found in the mucosa and sometimes extends into the submucosa.

The submucosa is comprised of dense irregular connective tissue. Within the submucosa are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner’s plexus is located in the submucosa.

The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. The myenteric plexus of Auerbach is located in the muscularis externa.

The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells (mesothelium) and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall.

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2
Q 
2.
Which cells secrete pepsinogen?
a. Parietal cells
b. Oxyntic cells
c. Chief cells
d. Mucous neck cells
e. Both a and b
A

Answer: c

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the precursor for pepsin. Parietal cells are also called oxyntic cells. They secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Mucous neck cells contain mucinogen granules.

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3
Q 
3.
Which layer contains Meissner's plexus?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia
A

Answer: b

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner’s plexus is located in the submucosa.

The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains Auerbach’s plexus.

The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall.

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4
Q 
4.
What type of tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium
A

Answer: c

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract is simple columnar epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Simple columnar epithelium is “simple” because it is one cell thick. “Columnar” cells are taller than they are wide and have an oval nucleus.

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5
Q 
5.
What type of tissue lines the upper esophagus?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium
A

Answer: d

The lining of the upper esophagus is stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces. Stratified squamous epithelium is “stratified” because it is more than one cell layer thick. “Squamous” refers to the fact that the surface cells of the layer are flat.

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6
Q 
6.
What are the modifications of the muscularis externa that is seen on the large intestine?
a. Teniae coli
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
A

Answer: a

The modifications of the muscularis externa seen on the large intestine are called teniae coli.

The lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine is a lacteal.

Crypts of Lieberkuhn are the intestinal glands.

The plicae circulares is a projection with a core of submucosa. The plicae circulares is also called the valve of Kerckring.

Microvilli that are seen on the epithelial cells in the small intestine form the brush
border or striated border.

Villi are finger like projections of mucosa seen in the small intestine.

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7
Q 
7.
Where are Brunner's glands located?
a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Rectum
A

Answer: c

Brunner’s glands are glands in the submucosa of the small intestine.

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8
Q 
8.
What is the primary cell of the intestinal epithelium of the large intestine?
a. Columnar absorptive cell
b. Goblet cell
c. Parietal cells
d. Paneth cells
e. Chief cells
A

Answer: a

The major cell of the lining epithelium of the large intestine is the columnar absorptive cell.

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9
Q 
9.
Which region are goblet cells most numerous?
a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Anus
A

Answer: d

Goblet cells are most numerous in the large intestine

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10
Q 
10.
Where is mesothelium found?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia
A

Answer: d

The layers of the GI tract are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa or adventitia.

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. The mucosa consists of a lining epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. Gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) is found in the mucosa and sometimes extends into the submucosa.

The submucosa is comprised of dense irregular connective tissue. Within the submucosa are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner’s plexus is located in the submucosa.

The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. The myenteric plexus of Auerbach is located in the muscularis externa.

The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells (mesothelium) and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall.

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11
Q

1.

Where is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?

A 
1. 
Where is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?
a. Stomach
b. Small intestine
c. Ascending colon
d. Descending colon
e. Both a and b eq
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12
Q

what does A cell secrete?

A

glucagon, which acts to raise blood glucose level.

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13
Q

what does B cell secrete?

A

insulin, which acts to lower blood glucose level.

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14
Q

what does D cell secrete?

A

somatostatin, which acts to inhibit A cell and B cell.

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15
Q

list the layers found in GI tract in order (deep to superficial)

A

MSMS

mucous
(epithelium, lamina propria(loose CT), and muscularis mucosa (2 layers of smooth muscles)

submucous
(dense irregular CT with elastic fibers and Meissner’s nerve plexus)

muscularis externa
(2 layers of smooth muscles (inner circular, outer longitudinal), Auerbach's nerve plexus)

serous/adventitia
(mesothelium of simple squamous epithelium (serosa) or it blends with CT of surrounding organs (adventitia)

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16
Q

list the sites of glands associated with GI tract

A

In the lamina propria and submucosa, and outside the GI tract (salivary, liver)

17
Q

name three parts of the pharyns and give the type of epithelium that lines each type

A

Nasopharynx (respiratory epithelium: ciliated pseudostratified w/ goblet cells)

Oropharynx (non-keratinized stratified squamous)

Laryngeal pharynx (non-keratinized stratified squamous)

18
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the esophagus at the upper, middle, and lower levels

A

upper 1/3=skeletal muscle
middle 1/3=skeletal and smooth
lower 1/3=smooth muscle

19
Q

Describe rugae and gastric pits of the stomach

A

Rugae=irregular folds in mucosa and submucosa

Gastric pits=invaginations of mucosal surface, descend into lamina propria. Home for gastric glands, release mucous, pepsin, and acid

20
Q

Give the type of epithelium that lines the stomach, and name its cells and state their functions

A

Simple columnar with surface mucous cells. It does NOT have goblet cells but it has mucinogen granules in apical portion of the surface cells

21
Q

Describe the relationship between gastric glands and gastric pits

A

Gastric glands drain into gastric pits

Gastric glands are present throughout the gastric mucosa and are branched. They empty into gastric pits that have surface mucous cells (e.g. mucous neck cells)

22
Q

Name 4 cell types in the gastric glands and give their functions

A

Chief (zymogenic) cells=secrete pepsinogen and lipase

Parietal cells=form HCl from H+ and Cl- in canaliculi; secrete intrinsic factors for Vit B12 absorption (Vit B12 for RBC maturation)

Mucous Neck cells=secretory acidic mucin

Enteroendocrine cells=hormone production: serotonin, gastrin, and histamine

Stem cells=replace pit/surface epithelium upward and glandular epithelial cells downward

23
Q

List 4 ways whereby the surface area of the small intestine is increased for absorption

A

the length of the small intestine

villi=finger-like projections

microvilli=increase SA of epithelial cells

plicae circulares (aka valves of Kerckring)=semicircular folds

24
Q

Name 2 types of cell in the surface epithelium of the small intestine and give their functions

A

Enterocytes (housed in simple columnar absorptive cells)=absorption/digestion

Goblet cells=episodic discharge mucin

25
Q

Give the location of the crypts of Lieberkuhn and name the cell types found therein

A

Between villi; enteroendocrine, goblet, and Paneth cells (peptidase/lysozymes)

  • The crypts of Liberkuhn are in lamia propria of the small intestine and invaginate from surface
  • The upper half has absorptive, goblet and enterendocrine cells (CCK secretion)
  • The lower half has Paneth cells; are large eosinophillic cells that screte antimicrobial lysozymes and alpha-defesins
26
Q

Give the location and function of Brunner’s glands

A

In submucosa of duodenum; are compound tubular glands that produce bicarbonate-filled mucous.
Their ducts penetrate the muscularis mucosa and empty into crypts.

27
Q

Explain the role of undifferentiated columnar cells in the crypts

A

Replace cells that are shed every day

(Stem cells in the crypts migrate from the base to the tip of the villi in 3 days, and millions of them are shed every day and replaced by upward migration)

28
Q

Compare the structure of the large and small intestines

A

Villi in small intestine, not large(fat and short); plicae circulares->plicae semilunares; more goblet cells in large intestine; NO Paneth cells in large intestine
The outer longitudinal layer of muscularis is divided into 3 longitudinal bands called taeniae coli (these bands form saccules in the large intestine called haustrae)

29
Q

Describe the principal feature of the vermiform appendix

*vermiform=resembling or having the form of worm

A

No villi, small/angular lumen, prominent lymph nodules, no teniae coli, many lymphocytes, less crypts, poorly developed muscularis mucosae, submucosa has BV, muscularis externa does NOT have taeniae coli

Histology (6 decks)

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