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OSCE Pharmacology > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What complications can arise from portal hypertension?

A

Caput medusa
Oesophageal varices
Ascites

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2
Q

Give 3 transudative causes of Ascites.

A

Chronic liver disease
Right heart failure
Hypo albumen

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3
Q

Give 4 exudative causes of Ascites.

A

Peritonitis
Pancreatitis
TB
Cancer

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4
Q

What are the signs of chronic liver disease?

A 
Clubbing
Palmar erythema
Leukonychia
Metabolic flap
Jaundice
Spider naevi
Hepatomegaly
Ascites
Signs of right heart failure (JVP)
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5
Q

Why do we look for a JVP in the GI examination?

A

Because right heart failure is a cause of chronic liver disease.
JVP is a sign of right heart failure.

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6
Q

Give the most common causes of hepatosplenamegaly.

A 
Viral hepatitis
Alcoholic liver disease
Malaria and Epstein Barr
Haemolytic anaemia
Leukaemia and lymphoma
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7
Q

What are the causes of gynaecomastia?

A 
Dialysis
Chronic liver disease 
Oestrogen secreting tumour
Klinefelters
Drugs - digoxin, spironolactone, isoniazid
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8
Q

What is a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Hernia that protrudes straight through Hesselback’s triangle

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9
Q

What is an indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Hernia that travels through the inguinal canal

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10
Q

Is an indirect or direct hernia more common? Why?

A

Indirect because it follows the path of the processus vaginalis during the descent of the testes.

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11
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

A

Deep and superficial inguinal rings
Posterior and roof - transversalis fascia
Anterior - internal oblique
Floor - lacunar and inguinal ligaments

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12
Q

What might cause hypo active bowel sounds?

A

Constipation
Opiates
Anaesthesia

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13
Q

What might cause hyper active bowel sounds?

A

Diarrhoea
IBD
Bleed
Bowel obstruction (high pitched)

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14
Q

What causes Ascites in chronic liver disease?

A
  1. Portal hypertension - hydrostatic pressure

2. Hypoalbumen - oncotic draw

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15
Q

What are the stigmata of hyperlipidaemia?

A

Corneal arcus
Tendon xanthoma
Xanthelasma

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16
Q

Give 4 macroscopic differences between UC and Crohn’s disease.

A

Crohn’s - skip lesions, cobblestoning UC - continuous
Crohn’s - transmural, UC - sub mucosal
Crohn’s - fistula and stricture, UC - crypt lesions, pseudopolyps
Crohn’s - all GI involvement, UC - proximal spread from rectum

17
Q

Give a radiological difference between UC and Crohn’s

A

Crohn’s - string sign

UC - lead pipe

18
Q

Give 3 clinical differences between UC and Crohn’s.

A

Crohn’s - made worse by smoking, UC - relieved by smoking
Crohn’s - less bleeding, UC - profuse bleeding
Crohn’s - peri anal involvement, UC - no perianal involvement

19
Q

What are the most common causes of chronic liver disease?

A

Alcohol abuse
Hepatitis
Obesity

20
Q

Name 5 common causes of pancreatitis

A 
Gallstones
Alcohol
Post ercp
Idiopathic 
Hyperlipidaemia

OSCE Pharmacology (10 decks)

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