Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CTO- Quiz 5 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the oral cavity?

A

The oral cavity is lined by stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the histologic structure of the tongue?

A

It is mostly skeletal muscle lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium. There are connective tissue bands and minor salivary glands between bundles of skeletal muscle. The posterior 1/3 of the tongue has lymphoid tissue (lingual tonsil) under the stratified squamous epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kinds of papillae are on the tongue and what are their structures?

A

Filiform, fungiform and circumvallate:

Filiform papillae are the most numerous and appear as short bristles.

Fungifom papillae are broader and often have taste buds on their sides.

Circumvallate papillae form a row just anterior to the sulcus terminalis and contain a large number of taste buds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior 1/3?

A

The sulcus terminalis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the pharynx?

A

The oro- and laryngopharynx are lined by stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium. The nasopharynx is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with cilia (like most of respiratory tract)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the innermost lining of the GI tract called, and what are its sub-layers?

A

The mucosa is the lining of the GI tract. It is comprised of an epithelium (simple columnar), a lamina propria and a muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is submucosa?

A

This is the connective tissue layer between the muscularis mucosa and the muscularis externa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the structure of the muscularis exterena of the GI tract?

A

Generally, there is an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer. The stomach may have an additional layer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the outer layer of the GI tract and what is its structure?

A

There is a layer of connective tissue surrounding the outside of the GI tract. Where there is no mesentery, it is called an adventitia. This layer blends with other connective tissue around the organ. In portions of the GI tract that have a mesentery, there is an added layer of simple squamous mesothelial cells and underlying connective tissue. Where this is present, the outer layer is called a serosa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of epithelium lines most of the GI tract?

A

Most of the GI tract is lined by simple columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What portions of the GI tract have stratified squamous epithelium?

A

The oral cavity, most of the pharynx, the esophagus and the anus have stratified squamous epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What portions of the GI tract have submucoasal mucous glands?

A

The duodenum and the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

A

It consists of skeletal muscle in the proximal third and smooth muscle in distal third (blends in the middle).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What portion of the intestines does not have villi?

A

The colon has no villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kind of cell is found in the epithelium of the small and large intestine, but lacking from the stomach?

A

There are no goblet cells in the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do most of the surface epithelial cells of the stomach manufacture?

A

The surface mucous cells produce a sticky mucus with high pH, and lots of bicarbonate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the infoldings of the stomach mucosa called?

A

Gastric pits (foveolae) increase the surface area of the stomach to allow surface mucous cells to produce lots of alkaline mucous to protect the lining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cells of the gastric glands manufacture and secrete hydrochloric acid and what is unusual about their structure? What else do they secrete?

A

Parietal (oxyntic) cells. These cells have canaliculi to increase surface area. They secrete HCl, using carbonic anhydrase to make acid. The need for pumps to move the hydrogen ions means a high need for ATP and, thus, a lot of mitochondria. These cells also secrete intrinsic factor, needed for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the ileum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the cells that make most of the gastric enzymes?

A

Chief cells produce pepsinogen, which is stored in many zymogen granules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells in the gastric glands?

A

Enteroendocrine cells secrete gastrin, which stimulates acid production by parietal cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are the stem cells of the gastric epithelium located?

A

These are located near the neck of the gastric glands and multiply to replace the lining cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Outside of parietal cells, chief cells and enteroendocrine cells, what other cells are found in the gastric glands?

A

Mucous neck cells make a different type of mucus from the surface mucous cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

From large to small, what are the folds of the small intestine that increase surface area?

A

In the small intestine, plicae circularis are the largest folds. Villi are next largest and microvilli are smallest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What forms the core of an intestinal villus?

A

The lamina propria forms the core of a villus.

25
Q

Where in the GI tract would you find villi?

A

Villi are found only in the small intestine.

26
Q

In what layer of the intestine would you find intestinal glands?

A

Intestinal glands are found in the lamina propria.

27
Q

Where do you find stem cells in the intestines and how long does it take to replace the intestinal lining?

A

The depths of the intestinal glands contain stem cells (3-6 day complete turnover).

28
Q

Outside of enterocytes and goblet cells, what other cells would you find in the epithelium of the intestinal glands?

A

Paneth cells secrete lysozyme from granules for bacterial defense.

29
Q

What hormones are produced by cells of the duodenum?

A

Cholecystokinin (affects the gallbladder) & secretin (affects the pancreas).

30
Q

What are the submucosal glands of the duodenum called?

A

Brunner’s glands produce alkaline mucous (unique structure) in order to help neutralize stomach acid.

31
Q

Which part of the small intestine has the greatest surface area?

A

The jejunum has the most SA for absorption (long villi and abundant plicae circularis).

32
Q

What is the most obvious difference between the jejunum and the ileum?

A

The ileum has much more lymphoid tissue, often in Peyer’s patches (which are visible to eye).

33
Q

What kind of unique cells are located in the mucosa of the ileum?

A

M-cells sample antigens and present it to lymph tissue in the region of Peyer’s patches.

34
Q

What is uniquely absorbed from the ileum?

A

The terminal ileum absorbs bile acids & vitamin B12 (requires gastric intrinsic factor).

35
Q

Where does most of the resorption of water and electrolytes take place?

A

In the small intestines.

36
Q

What is unique about the muscularis externa of the colon?

A

The longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa (outer layer) has 3 bands.

37
Q

What are the most striking differences between the epithelial layer of the large and small intestine?

A

The colon has more goblet cells and no villi.

38
Q

What are the prominent bulges in the wall of the large intestine?

A

These are haustra (large bulges between taenia coli).

39
Q

What is the most striking histologic feature of the appendix?

A

The appendix has lots of lymphoid tissue with many lymphoid follicles.

40
Q

What is the most striking difference between the rectum and the rest of the colon?

A

The outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the rectum is complete.

41
Q

What happens to the epithelium at the recto-anal junction?

A

There is a transition from simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous (keratinized).

42
Q

Where do you find ganglion cells in the GI tract walls?

A

There is an enteric nervous system which can function autonomously. The ganglion cells (with which parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers synapse) are fund in Meissner’s plexus (in the submucosa) or Auerbach’s plexus (between the layers of the muscularis externa).

43
Q

What kind of glands are the salivary glands.

A

Salivary glands are compound tubuloalveolar glands. The parotid gland is serous, the submandibular is seromucous and the sublingual glands are mostly mucous glands.

44
Q

What kinds of cells are located between gland cells and basement membrane to aid in movement of secretions out of the acini?

A

Myoepithelial cells around secretory units help in drainage.

45
Q

What ducts are involved in the progression of product from the acini to the oral cavity of the salivary glands?

A

Intercalated ducts drain the acini and have a low cuboidal epithelium. Striated ducts have high cuboidal to low columnar epithelium and contain lots of mitochondria and basal infoldings. They are involved in ion transport also secrete lysozyme and transport IgA antibody. These drain into the interlobar ducts, which are between lobules. They are often large (and may have a stratified columnar lining). They are found in connective tissue septae.

46
Q

What is the structure of a pancreatic acinus?

A

The pancreatic acini make up the bulk of the exocrine portion of the pancreas. They are composed exclusively of serous cells and produce proenzymes that will be activated in the duodenum. They look similar to salivary glend acini except they lack striated ducts and myoepithelial cells and they have centroacinar cells. The fluid part of the secretion is alkaline (bicarbonate rich

47
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Hepatic functions include protein synthesis (including transport molecules and clotting factors), bile secretion, detoxification, storage (lipids, glycogen), and gluconeogenesis.

48
Q

What is a portal triad?

A

The portal triad includes a branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct tributary.

49
Q

What is the lining of the liver sinusoids?

A

Liver sinusoids have discontinuous capillaries for easy exchange of substanced with the space of Disse.

50
Q

What are Kupffer cells

A

These are resident macrophage in the sinusoidal space.

51
Q

What other cells are found in the spaces of Disse?

A

Ito cells are in the space of Disse. They metabolize vitamin A.

52
Q

Where is the basal aspect of a hepatocyte?

A

The basal portion of a hepatocyte borders the sinusoid.

53
Q

What is the apical portion of the hepatocyte?

A

The apical portion of the hepatocyte is the part that forms the wall of the bile canaliculus (there are tight junctions of a junctional complex that separate the apical domain of the hepatocyte from the lateral portion that borders the adjacent hepatocytes).

54
Q

How does bile leave the liver?

A

The bile cnaliculi drain into the bile ductules that empty into the bile duct tributaries that are in the portal triad.

55
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the bile ducts?

A

It is simple columnar epithelium.

56
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the gallbladder?

A

There are simple columnar cells with microvilli.

57
Q

What are the differences between the wall of the small intestine and that of the gallbladder?

A

The epithelium of the gallbladder has no goblet cells. There is a large lamina propria but no submucosa and the gallbladder lacks a muscularis mucosa. There are mucosal folds but no villi. The muscularis externa is not regularly arranged.

58
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. It removes sodium and chloride from bile (water follows passively). These are pumped from the lateral aspects of the cells, from whence they get into the intercellular space.

CTO- Quiz 5 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions