Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho test 3 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

stomach pH is? secretes? can absorb? puts what is blood?

A

pH 2-denatures proteins, easier to chop up amino acids
secretes: Intrinsic factor IF-need to bind it B12
can absorb: H2O, ETOH, ASA
*dumps HCO3 into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

duodenum pH

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sphincter of Oddi goes where, dumps what

A

connects to duodenum

dumps content from Liver, GB, Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Jejunum absorbs what

A

sugars, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ileum absorbs what

A

Vit B12, bile salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Colon absorbs what and reabsorbs what

A

absorbs H2O

reabsorbs Na, Cl, HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hiatal hernia, where, most common type, s/s

A

esophageal hiatus
sliding hernia more common
regurgitation-heart burn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Achalasia is what, s/s, what is the result of this, and what causes this

A

when lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t open properly–stuff just sits there
dysphagia-pain with eating
can cause: inflamm and ulceration of lower esophagus–leads to squamous cell CA
caused by: peristalsis, incomplete relaxation of lower esoph–Vagus nerve, increased resting tone of lower esoph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

esophageal varies caused by, associates with, big problem when

A

caused by impaired hepatic portal blood flow-increased blood flow through capillaries in lower esophagus
associated with ETOH cirrhosis 2/3 cirrhosis pt
problem: RUPTURE- 20-30% die each episode, 70% recurrence rate
*must tx underlying problem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

esophagitis is what, caused by, leads to

A

GERD
caused by: obesity, hiatal hernia, not enough vagal tone
leads to: heartburn/reflex, barrets esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Barrets esophagus from what, is what, and can lead to

A

long standing GERD
replacement of normal stratified squamous mucosa (which is mechanically strong not chemically) with metaplastic columnar epithelium with goblet cells
leads to Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 esophageal CA, what causes them

A

adenocarcinoma: from barrets, more common in US, lower esophagus
Squamous cell CA: High esophagus, tobacco, ETOH, achalasia, Hot tea, *tumor forms band around esophagus prevent normal mvmt of bolus 1st S/S: dysphagia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stomach has what feature to protect itself from its pH

A

gastic pits-opening covered by mucosal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens in the parietal cell?

A

CO2+H2O—H2CO3—H+HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stomach acid

A

HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bicarb is dumped where from stomach

A

blood,
pancreas and GB to duodenum-where makes contents more alkaline, neutralizes H from stomach
then H then goes to the blood to neutralized the bicarb from the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chronic gastritis is what, caused by, leads to

A

chronic mucosal inflamm
the cells: atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, neutrophil infiltrates
caused by H pyloric
usually asymptomatic but can have upper abd discomfort, N/V, ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

H pylori damages what, causes, BUT

A

mucous layer and acid comes in
urease, toxins
causes peptic ulcers 70-90%
BUT: only 10-20% of people with h pylori get ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

peptic ulcerations 4 layers

A

necrotic debris
inflamm layer
granulation tissue
fibrous scar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

peptic ulcers from what, where, caused by, problems

A

progression of chronic gastritis
anywhere in GI tract exposed to acid-peptic juice **98% in proximal duodenum and stomach (4:1)
caused by h pyloric and smoking, ETOH, corticosteroids, high stress
problems: epigastric pain, N/V, hemorrhage
do NOT progress to CA
** usually impair quality of life rather than shorten it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

most random thing about ulcers and their horrible problem

A

hemorrhage leads to hypotension leads to real failure (acute tubular necrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acute gastritis aka, tx, problems

A

acute ulceration, acute mucosal inflamm (usually 2nd to some other problem)

tx: primary problem
problems: epigastric pain with N/V, hematemesis +/- melena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Acute gastritis causes 10!!

A 
C:Ca Chemo
U:Uremia
T: mechanical Trauma- NG tube 
I: systemic Infections
E: Excessive Etoh
S: heavy Smoking
S: severe Stress ex: burns
I: Ingestion of caustic agents
N: heavy Nsaid
S: Shock and ischemia  
CUTIES SINS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

acute gastric stress ulcers are what, caused by (4) tx

A

focal acute gastric mucosal defects resulting from severe stress
caused by: severe trauma (sepsis, major surg), burns, trauma to CNS, gastric irritants
tx: underlying problem and gastric mucosa will recover completely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stomach CA was most common in 1930 due to what

A

lack of fridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

2 types of stomach CA

A

intestinal-adenocarcinoma, have decreased in frequency!

diffuse carcinoma: was not as prominent to begin with did NOT decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

causes of intestinal adenocarcinoma

A

nitrates, smoked food, pickled food, low fruit/veggie, chronic gastritis, h pylori

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

walls of intestine include

A

innermost layer: single columnar epithelial layer
lamina propria
muscular mucosa: surrounds innermost layer, makes sure that contests are continuously turned so that all nutrients can be absorbed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

enteric plexus is where, causes what

A

myenteric plexus is btwn muscularis layer, circle and longitudinal layers
cause peristalsis
which is a big wave starting in stomach all they way to cecum

30
Q

purpose of peristalsis

A

clears out intestine, happens once every hr

31
Q

mesenteric layer is what

A

serosal layer-visceral peritoneum

32
Q

lactose breaks down to what

A

glucose and galactose

33
Q

sucrose breaks down to what

A

glucose and fructose

34
Q

who controls insulin

A

glucose bc it has appropriate transporters

galactose and fructose go along for ride

35
Q

breaking down protein into what, with what

A

into amino acids, secrete protease(pepsin) which is from pancreas
*amino acids are only thing release into blood

36
Q

how does the pancreas make enzymes

A

as proenzymes to protect itself

enzymes activated when peace pancreas

37
Q

what do the brush border of microvilli do

A

have enzymes that further chop polypeptide until amino acids

38
Q

whats a triglyceride

A

glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

39
Q

what kind of fat can we absorb

A

monoglyceride or glycerol

40
Q

superior mesenteric art supplies

A

sm intestine to lg intest up to splenic flexure

41
Q

inferior mesenteric art supplies

A

splenic flexure to rectum

42
Q

danger area for ischemia in bowel

A

splenic flexure

43
Q

hirschsprug is what, from what, causes fixed by

A

congenital megacolon
from caudal migration of neural crest cells failing to reach the anus- this leaves Aganglionic segment of the distal colon
*lack both messier and auerbach mystery plexus
causes: no innervation means no peristalsis, *Obstruction, enterocolitis, perforation
fixed by: removal of aganglionic section
*if section is sm no problem, but if large section then don’t have much colon and won’t reabsorb H2O–chronic diarrhea

44
Q

ischemic bowel disease is what

A

acute occlusion or hypoperfusion which results in infarction

45
Q

what causes ischemic bowel disease5

A

arterial thrombosis
arterial embolism
venous thrombosis
Non-occlusive ischemia-HR, shock, dehydration, vasoconstrictive drugs
mechanical obstruction: volvulus stricture herniation

46
Q

mild infraction ok if what

A

only kill mucosal cells

as long as stem cells are still alive they will be replaced

47
Q

transmural bowel infarctions bad bc why?

A

if goes through wall, weak part can rupture, fecal matter leaks out can get sepsis or peritonitis
*high mortality
Pt usually have other comorbidities

48
Q

hemorrhoids from what, caused by,

A

persistently elevated venous pressure in the hemorrhoidal plexus causes variceal dilations
caused by: straining during defecation, preg, hepatic portal HTN

49
Q

Secretory: Vibrio cholerae-Cholera what happening in cells, s/s, where do you get it

A

causes epithelial cells secrete Cl into sm intestine so impedes Na absorption and then can absorb H2O
s/s: voluminous water diarrhea
places where don’t have clean drinking water
***can loose up to 1L/hr

50
Q

osmotic: gut lavage ex golytely, how it work

A

overwhelms GI tract with polyethylene glycol (PEG) which is not absorbed and it holds on to H2O–osmotic diuretic- cleans out colon

51
Q

Exudative diarrhea destroys what, examples are

A

destruction of epithelial layer: infected mucosal cell-kill cell slough off and acts as osmotic agent so holding on to H2O, have diarrhea despite not eating
shigella, salmonella, campylobacter

52
Q

Malabsorption diarrhea examples and what does it do

A

Giardia, lymphatic, obstruction, defective absorption
ex: can’t absorb lactose by itself, but bacteria in colon can.
bacteria replicate and make gas, bloating, diarrhea
due to intolerance

53
Q

deranged motility caused by what and what happens

A

surgery, hyperthyroidism

GI tract hypermobile, not enough time to reabsorb all water–diarrhea

54
Q

Idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases 2

A

slide 34
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn’s
common s/s: diarrhea, loss appetite, painful BM, frequent BM, wt loss, fatigue

55
Q

Ulcerative Colitis is what, get what where?

A

inflam of colon starts at rectum continuous section of colon that is involved.
get pseudopolyps: mucosal layer eroded by doesn’t get past muscularis layer
*ulcer in colon, rectal bleeding

56
Q

Crohn’s is what, where does it happen

A

inflam of affected parts: sections called skip lesions. Anywhere mouth-anus
deep fissured that go through mucosal layer can even cause fistulas

57
Q

whats a fistula

A

improper connection from lumen of intestine to peritoneal space.

58
Q

hookworm for crohns

A

in order for it to survive in gut must turn off immune system which alleviates some of the symptoms

59
Q

diverticula is what from what

A

diverticulosis- just the out pouching of intestine
as feces become more and more solid it takes more and more pressure to squeeze things through colon
this pressure causes the out pouching

60
Q

Diverticulitis is what, what are the problems, tx

A

the inflammation of the out pouching

problems: LLQ discomfort- bc worse in descending colon, bleeding, perforation, fistula formation
tx: eat more fiber/prevention

61
Q

bowel obstructions 4

A

herniation, adhesions, intussusception, volvulus

62
Q

bowel obstructions: adhesions is what

volvulus is what

A

A: post abd surg, scar tissue can bind 2 parts of bowel together, can’t move as well
V: twisting of intestines

63
Q

pseudo-obstructions: 3 “types”

A

1Paralytic ileus: bowel doesn’t work, after surg/GA bowel doesn’t move, maybe 1-2 days before starts moving
2Bowel infarction: if muscle damaged then won’t have peristalsis in the damaged spot, Bowel won’t progress further.
4myopathies and neuropathies ex: hirschsprung

64
Q

polyp

A

tumorous mass protruding into the lumen

65
Q

pedunculated

A

having a stalk

66
Q

sessile

A

not having a stalk

67
Q

hyperplastic

A

increased # of cells- no cancer

68
Q

non-neoplastic

A

not CA

69
Q

neoplastic

A

abnormal disorganized growth-can be CA

70
Q

Adenoma

A

neoplastic polyps arising from epithelial

proliferation and dyslasia

71
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

CA arising form adenomatous polyps 98% colorectal CA

72
Q

Colon CA s/s differ with R and L… what are they and why

A

R: blood on guaiac test, won’t see in stool. Anemia bc won’t see blood and will bleed for long time….blood gets diluted
L: no anemia bc see blood in stool

Patho test 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions