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Phys Exam 6 > GI 3 > Flashcards

GI 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things are secreted in duodenum?

A

CCK
Secretin
Gip,
HCO3

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2
Q

What is secreted by jejunum?

A

Nothing

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3
Q

What i2 things are secreted by ileum?

A

PYY

HCO3-

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4
Q

What is the main product absorbed in duodenum?

A

Fe

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5
Q

What is the main products absorbed in ileum?

A

Bile acids

Vitamin B12

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6
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of motility of small intestine?

A

MMC
Segmentation
Peristalsis

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7
Q

Where does digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine?

A

All along (highest in duodenum)

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8
Q

Motilin
Sweep intestines of undigested material
One every 90 minutes

A

Migrating Motility Complex

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9
Q

Is the MMC part of the fasting or feeding pattern?

A

Fasting

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10
Q

Interstitial Cells of Cajal
3-12 waves/min
Controlled 1⁰ by ENS

A

BER Slow waves in small intestine

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11
Q

What are the 4 stimuli of the BER slow waves in small intestine?

A
  • Distention of duodenum
  • Nutrient content of chyme
  • Gastroenteric Reflex – short feedback loop from stomach to small intestine
  • Hormones
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12
Q

What 4 hormones stimulate the BER slow waves in small intestine?

A

CCK
Gastrin
Insulin
Serotonin

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13
Q

What 2 hormones inhibit the BER slow waves in small intestine?

A

Secretin

Glucagon

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14
Q

Mixing

  • chyme with digestive enzymes
  • emulsifies fats
  • adjusts pH
  • exposes mucosa to chyme.
A

Segmentation

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15
Q

Propel chyme through small intestine at a velocity of 1 cm/min.
Spread chyme across mucosal surface as it enters from stomach
Can begin anywhere in the small intestine
Normally weak and die out after traveling only 3 – 5 cm
3 - 5 hours from pyloric valve to ileocecal valve

A

Peristalsis

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16
Q

______ reflex: short feedback loop from stomach to small intestine

A

Gastroenteric reflex

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17
Q

The duration of feeding pattern depends on what 2 things?

A

Caloric content of meal

Nutrient composition of meal

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18
Q

An increase in the caloric intake will _____ the time of feeding pattern

A

Increase

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19
Q

The Net rate of movement of any substance across the intestinal epithelium is influenced by what 2 things?

A

Surface area

Motility

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20
Q

The north-south vector of movement from mouth to anus is influenced by ______

A

motility

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21
Q

The east west vector of the rate of movement across intestinal epithelium is influenced by ______

A

surface area

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22
Q

_______: – carbohydrate, protein, fat–Require “digestion”

A

Macronutrients

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23
Q

What are the 6 things presented for digestion and/or absorption?

A 
Macronutrients 
Electrolytes
Water
Bile Salts
Vitamins
Drugs
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24
Q 
The following factors influence \_\_\_\_\_\_:
Motility
Large surface area
Appropriate pH
Hydrolytic enzymes
  –carbohydrates, protein, fat
Emulsifying factors
  –Fat
A

digestion

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25
Q

What are the 5 factors influencing digestion?

A 
Motility
Large surface area
Appropriate pH
Hydrolytic enzymes
  –carbohydrates, protein, fat
Emulsifying factors
  –Fat
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26
Q

What are the 5 factors influencing absorption?

A 
Large surface area
Specialized cells
Specific transport mechanisms 
  – carriers, pumps, pores
Energy
Blood or lymph flow
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27
Q 
The following factors influence \_\_\_\_\_\_:
Large surface area
Specialized cells
Specific transport mechanisms 
  – carriers, pumps, pores
Energy
Blood or lymph flow
A

absorption

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28
Q

Most substances completely digested and absorbed in ______ (~25%) small intestine.

A

proximal small intestine

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29
Q

What percentage of the total substances are absorbed in the proximal small intestine?

A

25%

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30
Q

What substance is not absorbed mostly in the proximal small intestine?

A

Dietary fat

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31
Q

In the proximal small intestine, Increased intake produces increased absorption that may increase ____ and ______

A

Storage and obesity

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32
Q

Diversion of chyme to _____ is one treatment for obesity

A

distal gut

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33
Q

Digestive enzymes in small intestine require a _____ pH to function

A

neutral

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34
Q

What is used to decrease the acidity of the chyme in the small intestine?

A

Bicarb

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35
Q

Pancreatic HCO3–Maximal stimulus of pancreas produces pancreatic juice with [HCO3- ] of _____ mEq/L

A

145 mEq/L

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36
Q

_____ digestion:
(Stage I – pancreatic hydrolases):
yields di- and tripeptides, amino acids, maltose, maltotriose, α-limit dextrins, glucose;
Fat digestion completed in lumen.

A

Intraluminal

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37
Q

_____ digestion:
(Stage II – brush border hydrolases):
End products: amino acids and di- and tripeptides, glucose, galactose, fructose.

A

Mucosal surface

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38
Q

Which of the 3 main things getting digested are digested by intraluminal digestion?

A

Fats, carbs, and proteins

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39
Q

Which of the 3 main things getting digested are digested by mucosal surface digestion?

A

Proteins and carbs

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40
Q

Typical American diet includes what range of carbs per day?

A

250-300 grams per day

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41
Q

How much of the daily caloric intake is made up of carbs?

A

1/2

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42
Q

___ can’t be digested and is lost in the feces

A

Fiber/cellulose

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43
Q

____ must be broken down into its building blocks before it can be absorbed

A

Carbs

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44
Q

____ digestion begins in mouth when food exposed to salivary amylase-Not significant-Enzyme inactivated by acidic gastric juice

A

Carb digestion

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45
Q

Carb digestion begins in mouth when food exposed to ______

  • Not significant
  • Enzyme inactivated by acidic gastric juice
A

salivary amylase

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46
Q

> 95% of ____ digested in small intestine

A

Carbs

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47
Q

Starch and Glycogen digestion by _______: breaks polysacs to disacs

A

pancreatic amylase

48
Q

Brush border _____ produce the monosaccharides: breaks disacs to monosacs

A

hydrolases

49
Q

Which monosaccharide is reabsorbed less because of the apical channel acting by facilitated diffusion?

A

Fructose

50
Q

Typical American diet includes what range of proteins per day?

A

≈ 60 – 90 g/day

51
Q

How much of the average daily caloric intake/day are proteins?

A

1/6

52
Q

What starts protein digestion in the stomach?

  • 10-20% of total protein digestion
  • Important for collagen digestion
  • Enzyme inactivated by basic pH in small intestine
A

Pepsin

53
Q

What are the 4 intraluminal digestive enzymes that digest proteins into small peptides and aas?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypolypeptidases
Elastase

54
Q

What is the mucosal digestive enzyme that digest proteins and produce amino acids?

A

Peptidases

55
Q

____ is a secondary active symporter coupled to H+ that has an extremely broad substrate availability

A

Peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1)

56
Q

The typical american diet has what range of fats per day?

A

70-100 g/day

57
Q

How much of the caloric intake is made up of fats?

A

1/3

58
Q

What are the most abundant dietary fats?

A

Triglycerides

59
Q

What are the 3 dietary fats that are less abundant than triglycerides?

A

cholesterol
cholesterol esters
phospholipids

60
Q

Digestion of fat requires ______

A

emulsification

61
Q

What are the 2 things necessary to emulsify fats?

A

–Bile Salts

–Lecithin (phospholipid)

62
Q

Agitation of the fat called ______ breaks the fat globule down into smaller fragments, increasing surface area for digestion.

A

(Segmentation)

63
Q

What digests fat in the stomcah?

A

Lingual lipase

64
Q

How much of fats are digested in the stomach?

A

Less than 10%

65
Q

What are the 2 intraluminal enzymes that digest fats in small intestine?

A

Pancreatic lipase

Colipase

66
Q

Small intestine digests all triglyceride it can in less than ____ minutes

A

1 minute

67
Q

After it digests triglyceride, what does small intestine produce?

A

2 fatty acids

1 monoglyceride

68
Q

Digestion products solubilized in ______

  • Removes TG digestion products from fat globules so fat digestion can continue
  • Transports TG digestion products to brush border membrane
A

micelles

69
Q

Digestion of Cholesterol esters is done by pancreatic _______

A

cholesterol ester hydrolase

70
Q

Digestion of Phospholipids is done by Pancreatic _______

A

Phospholipase A2

71
Q

Are micelle formation and breakdown in equilibrium?

A

Yes

72
Q

FA and MG cross apical membrane via _______

A

simple diffusion

73
Q

In smooth ER, TG is _______

A

resynthesized

74
Q

When _____ is resynthesized,

  • Keeps [FA] and [MG] low inside cell
  • Maintains gradient for simple diffusion and absorption
A

TG

75
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K), phospholipids, and cholesterol esters absorbed by ________

A

Simple diffusion due to TG getting resynthesized

76
Q

TG and other hydrophobic substances packaged into _____ and secreted across BL membrane via _______

A

chylomicrons; exocytosis

77
Q

Chylomicrons enter lymphatic vessels via the _____ and are transported to systemic veins and enters circulation

A

lacteals

78
Q

Which of the main nutrients are absorbed directly into the bloodstream?

A

Carbs and proteins

79
Q

Which of the main nutrients are absorbed by the lymphatics?

A

Fats

80
Q

______ cells:

  • Mature intestinal epithelial cells
  • Absorb Na+, Cl-, and H2O
A

Surface Cells

81
Q

______ cells

  • Found deep in the spaces between the circular folds
  • Immature intestinal epithelial cells
  • Produced by stem cells
  • Mature and migrate to surface
  • Secrete Na+, Cl-, and H2O
A

Crypt Cells

82
Q

Fluid secreted by ____ cells flow to surface cells where reabsorbed
Provides flowing H2O for absorbing intestinal digestates

A

Crypt cells

83
Q

Not enough secretion by the crypt cells causes _______

A

Cystic fibrosis

84
Q

Too much secretion by the crypt cells causes ______

A

Infectious diarrhea

85
Q

In the ____ state, 1 ion is moved passively and anions and water follow

A

Prandial state

86
Q

In the _____ state, Na and Cl are absorbed, and H20 follows

A

Post Prandial state

87
Q

1 ion is moved passively and anions and water follow

A

Electrogenic

88
Q

Na and Cl are absorbed, and H20 follows

A

Electroneutral

89
Q

How much sodium per day is secreted into the lumen of GI?

A

30g/day

90
Q

______ and ______ infections are major cause of death in undeveloped countries.

A

Cholera and E. coli

91
Q

Cholera and E. coli both produce enterotoxins that increase ______

A

cAMP

92
Q

cAMP activates ___ secretion via CFTR into gut lumen leading to massive diarrhea

A

Cl-

93
Q

cAMP activates Cl- secretion via CFTR into gut lumen leading to _______

A

massive diarrhea

94
Q

What are the 2 things placed in an oral rehab therapy solution?

A

Na and Glucose

95
Q

In stomach Binds to the _______ protein
Stabilizes B12 in acidic environment
Intrinsic factor secreted by gastric parietal cells cannot interact with B12 at low pH

A

R-binding

96
Q

Does intrinsic factor bind to B12 in stomach?

A

No

97
Q

In _____
Proteases digest R-binding protein
B12 binds to intrinsic factor (pH neutral)

A

Duodenum

98
Q

Does intrinsic factor bind to B12 in duodenum?

A

Yes

99
Q

In IleumIntrinsic factor binds to ____ and taken into cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

IFCR

100
Q

In IleumIntrinsic factor binds to IFCR and taken into cells via ___________

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

101
Q

Inside cellsIntrinsic factor ______
B12 binds to _______
Complex crosses BL via exocytosis

A

degraded; TCII

102
Q

Absorption of Water Soluble Vitamins:
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenate, biotin, and ascorbic acid: is done by _____ transport with _____; completed where?

A

Cotransport with Na+

Completed in upper small intestine.

103
Q

What are other actively absorbed substances in the small intestine?

A

Ca++, PO4—
Mg++
Fe++
Bile salts

104
Q

Pressure and chemical irritation in ileum ____ sphincter and ____ peristasis

A

Relaxes sphincter and excite peristalsis

105
Q

Fluidity of contents in the ileum ____ emptying

A

Promotes emptying

106
Q

Pressure or chemical irritation in cecum _____ peristalsis in ileum and ____ sphincter

A

Inhibits peristalsis and excites sphincter

107
Q

Proximal ½
Absorption of water and electrolytes from chyme to form solid feces
≈ 1.4 L/day

A

Absorbing Colon

108
Q

Distal ½

Storage of Fecal matter until it can be expelled

A
  1. Storage Colon
109
Q

Takes ___ to ___ hours to move contents from ileocecal valve to anus

A

8-15 hours

110
Q

______ colon movements:
Fecal material slowly dug into and rolled over
All fecal material gradually exposed to mucosal surface
Facilitates absorption of water and dissolved substances
Movement of material from cecum through ascending colon

A

Mixing movements “haustrations”

111
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_ colon movements:
1-3x each day
Transverse to Sigmoid
Occurs throughout colon for 10 min.
Force feces into rectum
Gastrocolic and Duodenocolic Reflexes
Irritation can stimulate
A

Propulsive movements “Mass movements”

112
Q

Which colon movement mirrors segmentation?

A

Mixing movements / haustrations

113
Q

Which colon movement mirrors peristaltic contractions?

A

Propulsive movements / mass movements

114
Q

How many different bacterial species are found in colon?

A

1500 species

115
Q

Fast or slow motility in colon promotes growth of bacteria?

A

Slow

116
Q

What valve keeps bacteria in the colon?

A

Ileocecal valve

117
Q

Ferment undigested carbohydrates to short-chain fatty acids:
–Soluble and easily absorbed.
–Nutrient salvage
–Evidence obesity associated with biasing microbes to species efficient at nutrient salvage
Produce Vitamin K (vital since amount in diet not sufficient)
Increase resistance of the intestinal mucosa to colonization with pathogenic microorganism
Produce Flatus

A

Colon bacteria

Phys Exam 6 (4 decks)

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